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1 medius
medius, a, um (altind. mádhya-h, griech. μέσσος, μέσος, gotisch midjis, ahd. mitti = nhd. mitten), I) der mittlere, mittelste, der in der Mitte befindliche, -gelegene, u. partitiv, mitten an, auf, in usw., in der Mitte von u. dgl. (Ggstz. summus u. infimus oder imus, od. primus u. extremus, postremus, od. oriens u. cadens u. dgl.), A) eig.: 1) v. Raume: a) im allg.: in triclinio medio... in summo... in imo, Sall. fr.: versus aeque prima et media et extrema pars extenditur, Cic. – unguis, Iuven.: digitus, Quint. (ders. bl. medius, Gromat. vet. 371, 26). – v. Pers., mediam locavit, gab ihr den mittleren Platz, Verg. – medius mundi od. terrae locus, Mittelpunkt, Cic. – mit Genet. partit., eligere locum earum regionum medium, Caes.: ut aliquem locum medium utriusque colloquio diceret, Caes. – v. Pers., medius omnium rex erat, Liv. – m. Abl. der Entfernung, Megara media Corintho Athenisque urbs, Vell.: si medius Polluce et Castore ponar, Ov. – m. inter u. Akk., media inter utraque (sc. Africam et Galliam), von Hispanien, Iustin.: (populus) Romanus medius inter Latium et Tuscos quasi in quodam bivio collocatus, Flor.: v. Pers., rapite sublimem foras; facite inter terram et caelum ut medius sit, Plaut. – u. dafür poet. mit dopp. Genet., medium caeli terraeque per aëra vecta est, Ov.: qui locus est iuguli medius summique lacerti, Ov. – m. ex u. Abl., v. Pers., ne medius ex tribus (auf dem Speisesofa) Iugurtha foret, Sall. – mit dem Nbbgr. des Trennenden, quā (wo) medius liquor secernit Europen ab Afro, Hor.
b) partitiv = mitten, in der Mitte, α) übh.: telam medium accensum mittere, Liv. – per media hostium tela, mitten durch die G., Liv.: medios in hostes, mitten in usw., Sall.: arida loca medii itineris, in der Mitte des Wegs, Iustin. – in medio foro, mitten auf usw., Cic.: in medio colle, Caes. – medio oppido fluere, in der Mitte der Stadt (deshalb noch nicht gerade im Mittelpunkte), Liv.: ponere in media via, Phaedr.: via... medio est altissima caelo, Ov. – a medio spatio, Caes.: ex medio monte, Sall.: ex medio itinere, Caes. – übtr. auf die Pers. (s. die Auslgg. zu Verg. georg. 4, 436; Aen. 7, 169), considit scopulo medius, mitten auf dem Felsen, Verg.: in ferarum concilio medius sedebat, Ov. – medium alqm arripere, Ter., od. complecti, in der Mitte, um den Leib, Ter. u. Liv. (s. Fabri Liv. 23, 9, 9). – β) ex media alqa re, v. dem, was mitten aus etw. herausgenommen so recht eigentlich dazu gehört, alteri sunt e mediis Caesaris partibus, Cic.: hoc e medio est iure civili, Cic.; vgl. Fabri Sall. orat. Licin. 8. Beier Cic. de off. 1, 63.
c) subst., medium, iī, n., die Mitte, aa) der mittlere-, innere Raum, der Mittelpunkt, utrique imperatores in medium exeunt (treten in die Mitte vor); extra turbam ordinum colloquuntur simul, Plaut.: in medio aedium od. bl. medio aedium, Liv.: medio Capitolini montis, Tac.: poet. mit dopp. Genet., nocte volat medio caeli terraeque, zwischen Himmel und Erde, Verg. – v. Mittelpunkte, medium ferire, Cic.: in medium caestus proicere, Verg.: in medium vergere, Cic.: id autem medium infimum in sphaera est, Cic.: vom Mitteltreffen, Zentrum des Heeres, in agmine in primis modo, modo in postremis, saepe in medio adesse, Sall.: auxilia regum pro cornibus, medio sextam legionem constituit, Tac. – Insbes.: α) als Punkt, wohin alle ihr Gepäck usw. werfen, in medium oder (selten) in medio conicere sarcinas, Liv. (s. Drak. Liv. 10, 36, 1); – od. um den sich alle scharen, alqm in medium accipere, in ihre Mitte nehmen (um ihn zu decken, zu schützen), Liv. (s. Drak. u. Fabri Liv. 21, 46, 9); – od. auf den man feindlich von allen Seiten losgeht, utrimque hostem invehi nuntiatur. Diu in medio caesi milites, wurden die in die Mitte genommenen niedergehauen, Liv. – β) als Punkt, wo etwas als Kampfpreis so niedergelegt wird, daß jeder Preisbewerber es sehen und dazu gelangen kann, in medio palma est posita, jeder kann den Preis erringen, Ter. – ebenso als Gewinn für die Spielenden, in singulos talos singulos denarios in medium conferebat (setzte), quos tollebat universos, qui etc., Suet. – od. als Gemeingut, gemeinschaftliche Kasse usw., an dem alle teilhaben, das allen zu Gebote steht, zuteil werden kann, zugänglich ist, nach dem alle zulangen können, bona interfectorum in medium cedant, mögen Gemeingut werden, Tac.: in medium quaerere, zu gemeinschaftlichem Gebrauche, Verg.: discenda in medium dare, allgemein zugänglich machen, zum besten geben, Ov.: obscenas voluptates faciles, communes, in medio sitas dicunt, seien leicht erreichbar, jedermann zugänglich, könnten allen zuteil werden, Cic.: u. so laus in medio sita, Tac. dial.: velut in medio posita, als Gemeingut, wovon jeder nehmen könne, Curt.: u. so in medio posita, das allen zu Gebote Stehende, an der Hand Liegende, Hor.: u. ubi in medio praeda administrantibus esset, die nur zugreifen dürften, um die Beute an sich zu reißen, Liv. – u. so in medium afferre communes utilitates, Cic.: in m. conferre laudes, jeder für alle Ruhm erwerben (Ggstz. ex communi ad se trahere), Liv.: in medium referre ad vacuas aures, Ov.: in medium consulere, fürs Gemeinwohl, allgemeine Beste, Ter., Liv. u.a. (s. Ruhnken Ter. Andr. 3, 3, 16 u. die Auslgg. zu Liv. 24, 22, 15). – u. bei den Juristen als »Gesamtmasse« eines gemeinschaftlichen Vermögens, »Erbmasse« u. dgl., in medium conferre, ICt.: in medium venire, in die Masse fließen, ICt.: e medio deducere, ICt.: ex medio sumere, ferre, ICt. – γ) als Punkt, wo, umgeben vom Volke, vor Gericht die Parteien, Zeugen (zur Vernehmung) stehen, die Akten u. dgl. zur Einsicht vorliegen, mater virginis est in medio (ist da, frage sie), ipsa virgo, res ipsa; hic Geta praeterea, Ter.: veniant in m., mögen öffentlich (vor Gericht) auftreten, Cic.: tabulae sunt in medio, liegen (zu jedermanns Einsicht) vor, Cic.: removere e medio litteras, beiseite schaffen, Cic. – dah. v. strittigen Gegenständen, rem in medium vocare, vor ihr Gericht ziehen, Cic.: et regni crimen in medio (erit), wird vorliegen, Liv.: ego vero, si (regni crimen) in medio ponitur (in Frage gestellt wird, wem die Schuld beizulegen sei), non agnosco, Liv.: alqd in medio relinquere, unentschieden lassen, Cic.: ebenso (wie το μέσον θειναι) in medium relinquere, Claud. Quadrig. fr. u. Tac. – u. übtr. v. Auftreten der Parteien, prima veniat in medium Epicuri ratio, zuerst möge auftreten, Cic. – δ) als freier Raum, freie Straße, wo sich das Publikum einfindet, die Öffentlichkeit, ubi tabernis apertis omnia in medio vidit, alles (alle Waren) auf offener Straße ausgelegt sieht, Liv. – in medium procedere, öffentlich erscheinen, auftreten, Plaut.; übtr., loci in medium procedent, werden sich gleichs. deinem Blicke darbieten, Cic. – de medio recedere, aus dem Wege-, beiseite gehen, Raum geben, Cic. – aber e medio excedere, sich (aus der großen Welt) zurückziehen, Ter.: dass. secedere seque e medio amovere, Suet.: u. e medio discedere, sich verbergen, Suet.: emphat., e medio excedere od. abire, aus der Welt gehen, sterben, Ter.: u. alqm tollere de medio, aus dem Wege räumen, ermorden, Cic. – hoc deliberantium genus pellatur e medio, fort mit usw., Cic. – rem in medium proferre, etwas davon verlauten lassen, Cic. – in medium conferre, der Öffentlichkeit übergeben, Liv.: in medium vacuas referre ad aures, allgemein zum besten geben, Ov.: in medium dare, der Öffentlichkeit übergeben, verraten, Lucr.: aber omnia in medium dare discenda, alles zum Lernen darbieten, seinen Schülern zum besten geben, Ov.: dah. e medio = aus dem großen Publikum, ex medio res arcessit comoedia, Hor.: verba e medio, Ov.: vollst., verba e medio sumpta, Quint.: u. bl. e medio sumpta, Hor. u. Amm.: verba iacentia tollere e medio, Cic. – u. dah.: ε) in medio = sub divo, unter freiem Himmel, im Freien, Pallad. 1, 35, 12. – bb) der mittlere Teil, ovi medium, der Dotter, Apic. 9, 416.
2) v. der Zeit: a) die mittlere, die dazwischenliegende = verflossene, α) übh.: ultimi temporis recordatione, proximi memoriā medium illud tristissimum tempus... ex animo excĭdere, Cic.: longa fuit medii mora temporis, der Zwischenzeit, Ov.: u. so oft m. tempus, Ov. u. Suet.: unum quasi comperendinatus medium diem fuisse, noch einen Tag Frist dazwischen hatte, Cic. – medio tempore, in der Zwischenzeit, mittlerweile, Suet. u. Iustin.: so medio temporis spatio, Suet.: mediis diebus, in den Zwischentagen, Liv.: mediis horis, Eutr. – poet. u. nachaug., medium esse = intercedere, dazwischensein, -fallen, -verfließen, mit folg. et, zB. mediumque fuit breve tempus, et orsa est Leucothoë, Ov.: exiguum temporis medium, et etc., Plin. ep.: una dies m. est, et etc., Ov.. una nox m. erat, et etc., Prop. – β) insbes. v. Alter, das mittlere, m. aetas (Ggstz. aetas primae iuventae u. senectus, od. puer u. iuvenis), Plaut., Cic., Colum. u. o.: constans aetas, quae media dicitur, Cic.: v. Lebl., Falernum (vinum) nec in novitate, nec in nimia vetustate corpori salubre est. Media eius aetas a quindecimo anno incipit, Plin. – übtr. auf die Pers. od. Sache, in den mittleren Jahren stehend, uxor, Plaut.: quemcumque vis occupa, adulescentem, senem, medium, Sen.: Aeglen maximam natu appellavit, mediam Euphrosynen, tertiam Thalian, Sen.: v. Lebl., vinum novum, vetus, medium (weder zu jung, noch zu alt), Varro fr.
b) partitiv, mitten in usw., in der Mitte, Mitt-, α) übh. v. Tage, aestas erat mediusque dies, die Zeit um Mittag, Ov.: in medios dormire dies, mitten in den T. hinein, Hor.: de medio potare die, vom hellen Mittag an, Hor.: medio die (Ggstz. ortu obituque), Ov.: u. übtr., m. dies, Mittag = Süden, stabula ad medium conversa diem, Verg.: occidens Zephyros, Austros medius dies mittit, Apul.; vgl. media ab regione diei, Lucr. – v. der Nacht, mediā nocte, Suet.: ad mediam noctem, Suet. – v. den Jahreszeiten, medium erat tempus sementis, es war mitten in der Zeit der Aussaat, Flor.: extremā hieme... ineunte vere... mediā aestate, Cic.: aestu medio, aestibus mediis, frigoribus mediis, Verg. – übtr., v. der Pers., duorum fratrum aetatibus medius interiectus, dem Alter nach mitten zwischen den beiden Br. stehend, Cic.: in mediis (illis), mitten unter ihnen, Verg. – β) von dem, was mitten im Gange ist, mitten in od. auf usw., medium iam classe tenebat iter, war im vollen Laufe, Verg.: in honore deûm medio, Verg.: medio sermone, Verg.: in media pace, Sen. de ira 2, 2, 6; ep. 18, 6 u. 91, 5. Curt. 8, 10 (36), 17.
c) subst., medium, iī, n., die Mitte, die mittlere Zeit, iam diei medium erat, Liv.: noctis erat medium, Ov.: per medium diei, Tac.: medio diei, Tac. (s. Heräus Tac. hist. 1, 62, 7): medio noctis, Iustin.: medio temporis, in der Zwischenzeit, mittlerweile (διὰ μέσον), Tac.: so auch in medium, mittlerweile, indessen, Apic. 3, 63. – nec longum in medio tempus, cum etc., kurze Zeit verstrich dazwischen, als usw., Verg. Aen. 9, 395 (vgl. oben no. 2, a, α mediumque fuit breve tempus, et etc.).
B) bildl.: 1) zwischen zwei Extremen als drittes in der Mitte stehend, -schwebend, sich in der Mitte haltend, a) im allg.: cum inter pacem et bellum medium nihil intersit, Cic.: u. dafür poet m. dopp. Genet., si quid medium mortis fugaeque, Ov. – multitudo aut servit humiliter aut superbe dominatur; libertatem, quae media est, nec spernere modice nec habere sciunt, Liv. – v. der Rede, m. dicendi genus, Quint. u. (Ggstz. uber u. gracile) Gell.: tum graves sumus, tum subtiles, tum medium quiddam tenemus, Cic.: u. übtr., v. Redner, alii (oratores) graves, alii subtiles, alii eis interiecti et tamquam medii, Cic. – in der Philos., der mittlere, von dem, was weder lobens- noch tadelnswert ist, weder gut noch böse, m. officium, Cic. (s. bes. Cic. de off. 1, 16; de fin. 3, 58): alia interiecta et media u. media illa, Mitteldinge, Cic.: mediae artes, Quint.: subst., minora quaeque sunt ex mediis, Quint. b) den Ansichten u. dem Verhalten nach = zwischen zwei Ansichten oder Parteien die Mitte haltend, einen Mittelweg einschlagend, media consilii via, Liv.: ex quibus partim tecum sentiebant, partim medium quendam cursum tenebant, Cic.: mediis consiliis stare, Liv.: m. oratio, m. sententia, Liv.: medium quiddam tenere, einen Mittelweg einschlagen, Plin. ep. – mit inter u. Akk., quod medium inter aequum et utile erat, decreverunt, Liv. – subst., media sequi, einen Mittelweg einschlagen, Tac.: mediis copulare concordiam, durch vermittelnde Maßregeln, durch Entgegenkommen, Liv. – übtr. auf die Pers., medium se gerere, parteilos sich in der Mitte halten, Liv.: agebat medium (er schlug einen Mittelweg ein), plurima dissimulans, aliqua inhibens, Vell.: aliis notantibus praefectum, aliis praemia decernentibus, mediis... dicentibus, Liv. – oder = sich neutral verhaltend, unparteiisch, neutral, utra castra (sc. sequar)? Media tollit Antonius, Cic. – u. übtr. auf die Pers., pacem utrique parti, ut medios deceat amicos, optent, Liv.: tamquam medios, nec in alterius favorem inclinatos, miserat rex, Liv.: medios et neutrius partis, Suet.: de mediis et neutram partem sequentibus, Suet.: qui se medium esse vult, Cic.: medios esse iam non licebit, Cic.: Eumenes in eo bello medius erat animo, Vell.: Macedonico bello medium agere, neutral bleiben, Liv. epit. – u. mit dem Nbbgr. des Unentschiedenen, Unbestimmten – unbestimmt, unentschieden, zweideutig, responsum, zwischen Ja u. Nein in der Mitte schwebend, Liv.: vocabula, gleichsam mitteldeutig, zweideutig, Gell.: medius ambiguusque sermo, Plin. ep.: sed haec quoque media relinquamus, Vopisc.: subst., ad Varum media scriptitabat, Tac. – übtr. auf die Pers., se dubium mediumque partibus praestitit, Vell.: medii inter duos exspectavere fortunam, Flor.
c) dem Grade od. Maße nach zwischen dem Hohen u. Niederen, Ausgezeichneten und ganz Schlechten in der Mitte stehend, gewöhnlich, ziemlich, mäßig, mittelmäßig, media bella, Liv.: ipsi me dium ingenium, magis extra vitium, quam cum virtutibus, Tac.: gratia non media, nicht gewöhnliche, ungemeine, Liv.: uxorum fides summa, libertorum media, servorum aliqua, filiorum nulla, Vell.: nihil medium, sed immensa omnia volvere animo, Liv.: pauca ille mediis sermonibus locutus, mit gewöhnlichen Worten, Ov. – übtr. auf die Pers., innocentiā eximius, sanctitate praecipuus, eloquentiā medius, Vell.: m. plebs, das gewöhnliche Volk, der gemeine Mann, Ov.: u. so m. vulgus, Ov.
2) vermittelnd zwischen zwei Extremen stehend, a) nach beiden Seiten hinüberspielend, zu beidem geneigt, -befähigt, eine Mischung von beidem u. dgl., medium erat in Anco ingenium, et Numae et Romuli memor, Liv.: übtr. auf die Pers., multus in eo proelio Caesar fuit mediusque inter imperatorem et militem, Flor.: u. dafür poet. mit dopp. Genet., pacis eras mediusque belli, zu Frieden u. Krieg gleich befähigt, Hor.
b) tätig als Mittler eingreifend, vermittelnd, hilfreich, der Vermittler, media quaedam manus, Quint.: medio Pompei capite, Flor. – v. der Pers., medium se offert, Verg.: mediis dis, Ov.: u. poet mit dopp. Genet., medius fratris sui maestaeque sororis, Ov. Vgl. übh. Drak. Sil. 16, 222. Juret. Symm. epist. 4, 51. Gronovii Obss. in Eccl. 13.
3) störend zwischen eine Handlung tretend od. entzweiend zwischen zwei Personen tretend, ne medius occurrere possit, störend zur Unzeit erscheinen könne, Verg.: quos inter medius venit furor, Haß entzweite sie beide, Verg.
II) (wie μέσος) übtr., weil die Mitte jeden Körper in zwei Hälften teilt = dimidius, halb, zur Hälfte (Ggstz. totus), mediā plus parte, Ov.: media Minerva, das Brustbild, die Büste der M., Iuven.: m. scrupulum croci, Pallad.: aurum coronarium Italicis totum, medium provincialibus reddidit, Capit.: quod (oculus) convexus mediusque quacumque cernatur, Plin.: Nepa (sidus) medius occĭdit (Ggstz. totus apparet), Colum. – subst., medium, iī, n., die Hälfte, in itineris medio, Eutr.: scillae medium conterunt cum aqua, Varro.: scrobem ad medium completo, Colum.
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2 medius
medius, a, um (altind. mádhya-h, griech. μέσσος, μέσος, gotisch midjis, ahd. mitti = nhd. mitten), I) der mittlere, mittelste, der in der Mitte befindliche, -gelegene, u. partitiv, mitten an, auf, in usw., in der Mitte von u. dgl. (Ggstz. summus u. infimus oder imus, od. primus u. extremus, postremus, od. oriens u. cadens u. dgl.), A) eig.: 1) v. Raume: a) im allg.: in triclinio medio... in summo... in imo, Sall. fr.: versus aeque prima et media et extrema pars extenditur, Cic. – unguis, Iuven.: digitus, Quint. (ders. bl. medius, Gromat. vet. 371, 26). – v. Pers., mediam locavit, gab ihr den mittleren Platz, Verg. – medius mundi od. terrae locus, Mittelpunkt, Cic. – mit Genet. partit., eligere locum earum regionum medium, Caes.: ut aliquem locum medium utriusque colloquio diceret, Caes. – v. Pers., medius omnium rex erat, Liv. – m. Abl. der Entfernung, Megara media Corintho Athenisque urbs, Vell.: si medius Polluce et Castore ponar, Ov. – m. inter u. Akk., media inter utraque (sc. Africam et Galliam), von Hispanien, Iustin.: (populus) Romanus medius inter Latium et Tuscos quasi in quodam bivio collocatus, Flor.: v. Pers., rapite sublimem foras; facite inter terram et caelum ut medius sit, Plaut. – u. dafür poet. mit dopp. Genet., medium caeli terraeque per aëra vecta est, Ov.: qui locus est iuguli medius summique lacerti, Ov. – m. ex u. Abl.,————v. Pers., ne medius ex tribus (auf dem Speisesofa) Iugurtha foret, Sall. – mit dem Nbbgr. des Trennenden, quā (wo) medius liquor secernit Europen ab Afro, Hor.b) partitiv = mitten, in der Mitte, α) übh.: telam medium accensum mittere, Liv. – per media hostium tela, mitten durch die G., Liv.: medios in hostes, mitten in usw., Sall.: arida loca medii itineris, in der Mitte des Wegs, Iustin. – in medio foro, mitten auf usw., Cic.: in medio colle, Caes. – medio oppido fluere, in der Mitte der Stadt (deshalb noch nicht gerade im Mittelpunkte), Liv.: ponere in media via, Phaedr.: via... medio est altissima caelo, Ov. – a medio spatio, Caes.: ex medio monte, Sall.: ex medio itinere, Caes. – übtr. auf die Pers. (s. die Auslgg. zu Verg. georg. 4, 436; Aen. 7, 169), considit scopulo medius, mitten auf dem Felsen, Verg.: in ferarum concilio medius sedebat, Ov. – medium alqm arripere, Ter., od. complecti, in der Mitte, um den Leib, Ter. u. Liv. (s. Fabri Liv. 23, 9, 9). – β) ex media alqa re, v. dem, was mitten aus etw. herausgenommen so recht eigentlich dazu gehört, alteri sunt e mediis Caesaris partibus, Cic.: hoc e medio est iure civili, Cic.; vgl. Fabri Sall. orat. Licin. 8. Beier Cic. de off. 1, 63.c) subst., medium, iī, n., die Mitte, aa) der mittlere-, innere Raum, der Mittelpunkt, utrique imperatores in medium exeunt (treten in die Mitte vor);————extra turbam ordinum colloquuntur simul, Plaut.: in medio aedium od. bl. medio aedium, Liv.: medio Capitolini montis, Tac.: poet. mit dopp. Genet., nocte volat medio caeli terraeque, zwischen Himmel und Erde, Verg. – v. Mittelpunkte, medium ferire, Cic.: in medium caestus proicere, Verg.: in medium vergere, Cic.: id autem medium infimum in sphaera est, Cic.: vom Mitteltreffen, Zentrum des Heeres, in agmine in primis modo, modo in postremis, saepe in medio adesse, Sall.: auxilia regum pro cornibus, medio sextam legionem constituit, Tac. – Insbes.: α) als Punkt, wohin alle ihr Gepäck usw. werfen, in medium oder (selten) in medio conicere sarcinas, Liv. (s. Drak. Liv. 10, 36, 1); – od. um den sich alle scharen, alqm in medium accipere, in ihre Mitte nehmen (um ihn zu decken, zu schützen), Liv. (s. Drak. u. Fabri Liv. 21, 46, 9); – od. auf den man feindlich von allen Seiten losgeht, utrimque hostem invehi nuntiatur. Diu in medio caesi milites, wurden die in die Mitte genommenen niedergehauen, Liv. – β) als Punkt, wo etwas als Kampfpreis so niedergelegt wird, daß jeder Preisbewerber es sehen und dazu gelangen kann, in medio palma est posita, jeder kann den Preis erringen, Ter. – ebenso als Gewinn für die Spielenden, in singulos talos singulos denarios in medium conferebat (setzte), quos tollebat universos, qui etc., Suet. – od. als Gemeingut, gemeinschaftliche Kasse usw., an————dem alle teilhaben, das allen zu Gebote steht, zuteil werden kann, zugänglich ist, nach dem alle zulangen können, bona interfectorum in medium cedant, mögen Gemeingut werden, Tac.: in medium quaerere, zu gemeinschaftlichem Gebrauche, Verg.: discenda in medium dare, allgemein zugänglich machen, zum besten geben, Ov.: obscenas voluptates faciles, communes, in medio sitas dicunt, seien leicht erreichbar, jedermann zugänglich, könnten allen zuteil werden, Cic.: u. so laus in medio sita, Tac. dial.: velut in medio posita, als Gemeingut, wovon jeder nehmen könne, Curt.: u. so in medio posita, das allen zu Gebote Stehende, an der Hand Liegende, Hor.: u. ubi in medio praeda administrantibus esset, die nur zugreifen dürften, um die Beute an sich zu reißen, Liv. – u. so in medium afferre communes utilitates, Cic.: in m. conferre laudes, jeder für alle Ruhm erwerben (Ggstz. ex communi ad se trahere), Liv.: in medium referre ad vacuas aures, Ov.: in medium consulere, fürs Gemeinwohl, allgemeine Beste, Ter., Liv. u.a. (s. Ruhnken Ter. Andr. 3, 3, 16 u. die Auslgg. zu Liv. 24, 22, 15). – u. bei den Juristen als »Gesamtmasse« eines gemeinschaftlichen Vermögens, »Erbmasse« u. dgl., in medium conferre, ICt.: in medium venire, in die Masse fließen, ICt.: e medio deducere, ICt.: ex medio sumere, ferre, ICt. – γ) als Punkt, wo, umgeben vom Volke, vor Gericht die Parteien, Zeu-————gen (zur Vernehmung) stehen, die Akten u. dgl. zur Einsicht vorliegen, mater virginis est in medio (ist da, frage sie), ipsa virgo, res ipsa; hic Geta praeterea, Ter.: veniant in m., mögen öffentlich (vor Gericht) auftreten, Cic.: tabulae sunt in medio, liegen (zu jedermanns Einsicht) vor, Cic.: removere e medio litteras, beiseite schaffen, Cic. – dah. v. strittigen Gegenständen, rem in medium vocare, vor ihr Gericht ziehen, Cic.: et regni crimen in medio (erit), wird vorliegen, Liv.: ego vero, si (regni crimen) in medio ponitur (in Frage gestellt wird, wem die Schuld beizulegen sei), non agnosco, Liv.: alqd in medio relinquere, unentschieden lassen, Cic.: ebenso (wie το μέσον θειναι) in medium relinquere, Claud. Quadrig. fr. u. Tac. – u. übtr. v. Auftreten der Parteien, prima veniat in medium Epicuri ratio, zuerst möge auftreten, Cic. – δ) als freier Raum, freie Straße, wo sich das Publikum einfindet, die Öffentlichkeit, ubi tabernis apertis omnia in medio vidit, alles (alle Waren) auf offener Straße ausgelegt sieht, Liv. – in medium procedere, öffentlich erscheinen, auftreten, Plaut.; übtr., loci in medium procedent, werden sich gleichs. deinem Blicke darbieten, Cic. – de medio recedere, aus dem Wege-, beiseite gehen, Raum geben, Cic. – aber e medio excedere, sich (aus der großen Welt) zurückziehen, Ter.: dass. secedere seque e medio amovere, Suet.: u. e medio discedere, sich verbergen, Suet.:————emphat., e medio excedere od. abire, aus der Welt gehen, sterben, Ter.: u. alqm tollere de medio, aus dem Wege räumen, ermorden, Cic. – hoc deliberantium genus pellatur e medio, fort mit usw., Cic. – rem in medium proferre, etwas davon verlauten lassen, Cic. – in medium conferre, der Öffentlichkeit übergeben, Liv.: in medium vacuas referre ad aures, allgemein zum besten geben, Ov.: in medium dare, der Öffentlichkeit übergeben, verraten, Lucr.: aber omnia in medium dare discenda, alles zum Lernen darbieten, seinen Schülern zum besten geben, Ov.: dah. e medio = aus dem großen Publikum, ex medio res arcessit comoedia, Hor.: verba e medio, Ov.: vollst., verba e medio sumpta, Quint.: u. bl. e medio sumpta, Hor. u. Amm.: verba iacentia tollere e medio, Cic. – u. dah.: ε) in medio = sub divo, unter freiem Himmel, im Freien, Pallad. 1, 35, 12. – bb) der mittlere Teil, ovi medium, der Dotter, Apic. 9, 416.2) v. der Zeit: a) die mittlere, die dazwischenliegende = verflossene, α) übh.: ultimi temporis recordatione, proximi memoriā medium illud tristissimum tempus... ex animo excĭdere, Cic.: longa fuit medii mora temporis, der Zwischenzeit, Ov.: u. so oft m. tempus, Ov. u. Suet.: unum quasi comperendinatus medium diem fuisse, noch einen Tag Frist dazwischen hatte, Cic. – medio tempore, in der Zwischenzeit, mittlerweile, Suet. u. Iustin.: so medio temporis————spatio, Suet.: mediis diebus, in den Zwischentagen, Liv.: mediis horis, Eutr. – poet. u. nachaug., medium esse = intercedere, dazwischen sein, -fallen, -verfließen, mit folg. et, zB. mediumque fuit breve tempus, et orsa est Leucothoë, Ov.: exiguum temporis medium, et etc., Plin. ep.: una dies m. est, et etc., Ov.. una nox m. erat, et etc., Prop. – β) insbes. v. Alter, das mittlere, m. aetas (Ggstz. aetas primae iuventae u. senectus, od. puer u. iuvenis), Plaut., Cic., Colum. u. o.: constans aetas, quae media dicitur, Cic.: v. Lebl., Falernum (vinum) nec in novitate, nec in nimia vetustate corpori salubre est. Media eius aetas a quindecimo anno incipit, Plin. – übtr. auf die Pers. od. Sache, in den mittleren Jahren stehend, uxor, Plaut.: quemcumque vis occupa, adulescentem, senem, medium, Sen.: Aeglen maximam natu appellavit, mediam Euphrosynen, tertiam Thalian, Sen.: v. Lebl., vinum novum, vetus, medium (weder zu jung, noch zu alt), Varro fr.b) partitiv, mitten in usw., in der Mitte, Mitt-, α) übh. v. Tage, aestas erat mediusque dies, die Zeit um Mittag, Ov.: in medios dormire dies, mitten in den T. hinein, Hor.: de medio potare die, vom hellen Mittag an, Hor.: medio die (Ggstz. ortu obituque), Ov.: u. übtr., m. dies, Mittag = Süden, stabula ad medium conversa diem, Verg.: occidens Zephyros, Austros medius dies mittit, Apul.; vgl. media ab regione diei,————Lucr. – v. der Nacht, mediā nocte, Suet.: ad mediam noctem, Suet. – v. den Jahreszeiten, medium erat tempus sementis, es war mitten in der Zeit der Aussaat, Flor.: extremā hieme... ineunte vere... mediā aestate, Cic.: aestu medio, aestibus mediis, frigoribus mediis, Verg. – übtr., v. der Pers., duorum fratrum aetatibus medius interiectus, dem Alter nach mitten zwischen den beiden Br. stehend, Cic.: in mediis (illis), mitten unter ihnen, Verg. – β) von dem, was mitten im Gange ist, mitten in od. auf usw., medium iam classe tenebat iter, war im vollen Laufe, Verg.: in honore deûm medio, Verg.: medio sermone, Verg.: in media pace, Sen. de ira 2, 2, 6; ep. 18, 6 u. 91, 5. Curt. 8, 10 (36), 17.c) subst., medium, iī, n., die Mitte, die mittlere Zeit, iam diei medium erat, Liv.: noctis erat medium, Ov.: per medium diei, Tac.: medio diei, Tac. (s. Heräus Tac. hist. 1, 62, 7): medio noctis, Iustin.: medio temporis, in der Zwischenzeit, mittlerweile (διὰ μέσον), Tac.: so auch in medium, mittlerweile, indessen, Apic. 3, 63. – nec longum in medio tempus, cum etc., kurze Zeit verstrich dazwischen, als usw., Verg. Aen. 9, 395 (vgl. oben no. 2, a, α mediumque fuit breve tempus, et etc.).B) bildl.: 1) zwischen zwei Extremen als drittes in der Mitte stehend, -schwebend, sich in der Mitte haltend, a) im allg.: cum inter pacem et bellum medi-————um nihil intersit, Cic.: u. dafür poet m. dopp. Genet., si quid medium mortis fugaeque, Ov. – multitudo aut servit humiliter aut superbe dominatur; libertatem, quae media est, nec spernere modice nec habere sciunt, Liv. – v. der Rede, m. dicendi genus, Quint. u. (Ggstz. uber u. gracile) Gell.: tum graves sumus, tum subtiles, tum medium quiddam tenemus, Cic.: u. übtr., v. Redner, alii (oratores) graves, alii subtiles, alii eis interiecti et tamquam medii, Cic. – in der Philos., der mittlere, von dem, was weder lobens- noch tadelnswert ist, weder gut noch böse, m. officium, Cic. (s. bes. Cic. de off. 1, 16; de fin. 3, 58): alia interiecta et media u. media illa, Mitteldinge, Cic.: mediae artes, Quint.: subst., minora quaeque sunt ex mediis, Quint. b) den Ansichten u. dem Verhalten nach = zwischen zwei Ansichten oder Parteien die Mitte haltend, einen Mittelweg einschlagend, media consilii via, Liv.: ex quibus partim tecum sentiebant, partim medium quendam cursum tenebant, Cic.: mediis consiliis stare, Liv.: m. oratio, m. sententia, Liv.: medium quiddam tenere, einen Mittelweg einschlagen, Plin. ep. – mit inter u. Akk., quod medium inter aequum et utile erat, decreverunt, Liv. – subst., media sequi, einen Mittelweg einschlagen, Tac.: mediis copulare concordiam, durch vermittelnde Maßregeln, durch Entgegenkommen, Liv. – übtr. auf die Pers., medium se gerere, parteilos sich in der Mitte halten,————Liv.: agebat medium (er schlug einen Mittelweg ein), plurima dissimulans, aliqua inhibens, Vell.: aliis notantibus praefectum, aliis praemia decernentibus, mediis... dicentibus, Liv. – oder = sich neutral verhaltend, unparteiisch, neutral, utra castra (sc. sequar)? Media tollit Antonius, Cic. – u. übtr. auf die Pers., pacem utrique parti, ut medios deceat amicos, optent, Liv.: tamquam medios, nec in alterius favorem inclinatos, miserat rex, Liv.: medios et neutrius partis, Suet.: de mediis et neutram partem sequentibus, Suet.: qui se medium esse vult, Cic.: medios esse iam non licebit, Cic.: Eumenes in eo bello medius erat animo, Vell.: Macedonico bello medium agere, neutral bleiben, Liv. epit. – u. mit dem Nbbgr. des Unentschiedenen, Unbestimmten – unbestimmt, unentschieden, zweideutig, responsum, zwischen Ja u. Nein in der Mitte schwebend, Liv.: vocabula, gleichsam mitteldeutig, zweideutig, Gell.: medius ambiguusque sermo, Plin. ep.: sed haec quoque media relinquamus, Vopisc.: subst., ad Varum media scriptitabat, Tac. – übtr. auf die Pers., se dubium mediumque partibus praestitit, Vell.: medii inter duos exspectavere fortunam, Flor.c) dem Grade od. Maße nach zwischen dem Hohen u. Niederen, Ausgezeichneten und ganz Schlechten in der Mitte stehend, gewöhnlich, ziemlich, mäßig, mittelmäßig, media bella, Liv.: ipsi me-————dium ingenium, magis extra vitium, quam cum virtutibus, Tac.: gratia non media, nicht gewöhnliche, ungemeine, Liv.: uxorum fides summa, libertorum media, servorum aliqua, filiorum nulla, Vell.: nihil medium, sed immensa omnia volvere animo, Liv.: pauca ille mediis sermonibus locutus, mit gewöhnlichen Worten, Ov. – übtr. auf die Pers., innocentiā eximius, sanctitate praecipuus, eloquentiā medius, Vell.: m. plebs, das gewöhnliche Volk, der gemeine Mann, Ov.: u. so m. vulgus, Ov.2) vermittelnd zwischen zwei Extremen stehend, a) nach beiden Seiten hinüberspielend, zu beidem geneigt, -befähigt, eine Mischung von beidem u. dgl., medium erat in Anco ingenium, et Numae et Romuli memor, Liv.: übtr. auf die Pers., multus in eo proelio Caesar fuit mediusque inter imperatorem et militem, Flor.: u. dafür poet. mit dopp. Genet., pacis eras mediusque belli, zu Frieden u. Krieg gleich befähigt, Hor.b) tätig als Mittler eingreifend, vermittelnd, hilfreich, der Vermittler, media quaedam manus, Quint.: medio Pompei capite, Flor. – v. der Pers., medium se offert, Verg.: mediis dis, Ov.: u. poet mit dopp. Genet., medius fratris sui maestaeque sororis, Ov. Vgl. übh. Drak. Sil. 16, 222. Juret. Symm. epist. 4, 51. Gronovii Obss. in Eccl. 13.3) störend zwischen eine Handlung tretend od.————entzweiend zwischen zwei Personen tretend, ne medius occurrere possit, störend zur Unzeit erscheinen könne, Verg.: quos inter medius venit furor, Haß entzweite sie beide, Verg.II) (wie μέσος) übtr., weil die Mitte jeden Körper in zwei Hälften teilt = dimidius, halb, zur Hälfte (Ggstz. totus), mediā plus parte, Ov.: media Minerva, das Brustbild, die Büste der M., Iuven.: m. scrupulum croci, Pallad.: aurum coronarium Italicis totum, medium provincialibus reddidit, Capit.: quod (oculus) convexus mediusque quacumque cernatur, Plin.: Nepa (sidus) medius occĭdit (Ggstz. totus apparet), Colum. – subst., medium, iī, n., die Hälfte, in itineris medio, Eutr.: scillae medium conterunt cum aqua, Varro.: scrobem ad medium completo, Colum. -
3 medium
ī n. [ medius I ]1) середина (aliquid in m. conjicere L; aliquid in medio constituere Just)2)а) нечто среднее, находящееся посреди, занимающее промежуточное положение ( medio caeli terraeque volare V)m. tenere Pt — находиться посредиm. classe tenere V — выплыть с флотом в открытое мореhostes in medio circumventi L — враги, взятые в кольцоб) средний путь ( media sequi T)medio tutissimus ibis O — средний путь — самый безопасный3) центр, средоточие (m. ferire C; in m. vergere C, L)4)а) общество, общественная жизнь, тж. бытaliquid in m. proferre C — предать что-л. гласности или подвергнуть широкому обсуждениюin m. vocare C — призвать на судvocare aliquem in medio Pt — звать кого-л. на расправуin m. venire (procedere) C — показываться публично или предстать перед судом, но тж. Pt выходить на середину (комнаты, зала)prima veniat in m. Epicuri ratio C — займёмся прежде всего учением Эпикураin medio esse C или in medio omnibus positum esse Ter — быть доступным для всякогоaliquid in medio ponere C — довести что-л. до всеобщего сведенияin medio (in medium) aliquid relinquere C, L etc. — оставить что-л. нерешённым (открытым)de medio tollere C (removēre C, agere Pt) — устранить, убрать, отменитьe medio abire (excedere) Ter — исчезнуть или умереть5) общественное благо, тж. всеобщее достояниеin m. consulere L etc. — заботиться об общем блатеlaudes in m. conferre L — стяжать славу всему обществуcedĕre in m. T — становиться общим достояниемaliquid in m. dare O — давать что-л. во всеобщее пользованиеres in medio sita (posĭta) Ter, C, QC, T etc. — нечто, находящееся в общественном пользовании, общедоступная вещь -
4 anceps
anceps (once ancipes, Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 114; cf. Charis, pp. 67 and 96 P.; Prisc. p. 754 P.; with this form cf. procapis, Paul. ex Fest. p. 225 Müll., and Corss. Ausspr. II. pp. 398, 591; abl. sing. always ancipiti), cĭpĭtis, adj. [an-caput; cf. Paul. ex Fest. p. 19 Müll.].I.Lit., that has two heads, twoheaded (cf.: biceps, praeceps, etc.;II.so only in the poets): Janus,
Ov. M. 14, 334; so id. F. 1, 95 (cf.:Janus bifrons,
Verg. A. 7, 180). —Hence also of a mountain which has two summits, two-peaked:acumen,
Ov. M. 12, 337.—In gen.A.1.. Of an object whose qualities have significance in two respects, double, that extends on two opposite sides (while duplex is an object that exists in separate forms, twice. Thus anceps sententia is an opinion which wavers, fluctuates between two decisions, while duplex sententia is a twofold opinion):2.Post altrinsecus ancipes securiculast,
the axe cuts on two sides, is two-edged, Plaut. Rud. 4, 4, 114; so, ferrum, Lucil. ap. Non. p. 245, 17, and Lucr. 6, 168:securis,
Ov. M. 8, 397 al. —Also, poet., of the contrast between great heat and cold: Ancipiti quoniam mucroni utrimque notantur, since things are marked by double point, i. e. one at one, another at the other end, Lucr. 2, 520:bestiae quasi ancipites in utrāque sede viventes,
amphibious animals, Cic. N. D. 1, 37;so in the histt. freq. of an attack, a contest, etc., on two different sides,
Caes. B. G. 7, 76: ita ancipiti proelio diu atque acriter pugnatum est, double, because contending with enemies both in front and in the rear, id. ib. 1, 26 Herz.; so id. B. C. 3, 63; Nep. Them. 3, 3:periculum,
Sall. J. 38, 5: ancipitem pugnam hostibus facere, double, as given by horse and foot, Tac. A. 6, 35:ancipiti metu et ab cive et ab hoste,
twofold, Liv. 2, 24; so,anceps terror,
id. 34, 21; Tac. Agr. 26:tumultus,
Liv. 32, 30: tela, shot or hurled from both sides, id. 37, 11:ancipitia munimenta,
on two sides, id. 5, 1 al. —Trop., twofold:B.propter ancipitem faciendi dicendique sapientiam,
Cic. de Or. 3, 16:ancipites viae rationesque et pro omnibus et contra omnia disputandi,
id. ib. 3, 36:adferre ancipitem curam cogitandi,
a twofold care of thought, id. Off. 1, 3, 9; so Tac. A. 2, 40:jus anceps,
the uncertainties of law, Hor. S. 2, 5, 34 al. —Wavering, doubtful, uncertain, unfixed, undecided (the prevalent signif. in Cic.):C.anceps fatorum via,
Cic. Somn. Scip. 2:incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli,
id. Marcell. 5:anceps proelii fortuna,
Tac. H. 3, 18:oraculum,
Liv. 9, 3:proelium,
id. 2, 62, and Tac. H. 3, 22;so esp. freq.: ancipiti Marte pugnare,
to contend without deciding the contest, Liv. 7, 29; 21, 1 al.:causa anceps,
Cic. de Or. 2, 44:genus causarum anceps,
id. Inv. 1, 15, 20 (cf.: genus causarum dubium, Auct. ad Her. 1, 3:dubium vel anceps,
Quint. 4, 1, 10):fides,
uncertain, wavering, fidelity, Curt. 3, 8;so also, ancipites animi,
Luc. 9, 46.—Also ellipt.: Lucanus an Apulus, anceps, doubtful whether, etc., * Hor. S. 2, 1, 34.—Dangerous, hazaraous, perilous, critical (post-Aug.; esp. freq. in Tac.;never in Cic.): viae,
Ov. M. 14, 438:loca,
Nep. Dat. 7, 3:dubiā et interdum ancipiti fortunā,
Vell. 2, 79:anceps periculum,
Tac. A. 4, 59:ancipites morbi corporis,
Plin. 7, 45, 46, § 149:cujus (Antonii) operā ex ancipiti morbo convaluerat,
Suet. Aug. 59:Ideo et purgationibus (labruscum) ancipitem putant,
Plin. 23, 1, 14, § 20:vox pro re publicā honesta, ipsi anceps,
pernicious, Tac. H. 1, 5:adulatio anceps si nulla et ubi nimia est,
id. A. 4, 17.—So subst., danger, hazard, peril, = periculum, discrimen:dubiā suorum re in anceps tractus vim legionum implorabat,
Tac. A. 4, 73:seu nihil militi seu omnia concederentur, in ancipiti res publica,
id. ib. 1, 36:scelus inter ancipitia probatum,
id. ib. 11, 26;14, 22: facilius inter ancipitia clarescunt,
id. G. 14:nova ambigua ancipitia malebat,
id. H. 2, 86:inter ancipitia deterrimum est media sequi,
id. ib. 3, 40.► Comp., sup., and adv. not used. -
5 bellum
bellum (ante-class. and poet. duel-lum), i, n. [Sanscr. dva, dvi, dus; cf. Germ. zwei; Engl. two, twice; for the change from initial du- to b-, cf. bis for duis, and v. the letter B, and Varr. L. L. 5, § 73 Mull.; 7, § 49 ib.], war.I.Form duellum: duellum, bellum, videlicet quod duabus partibus de victoria contendentibus dimicatur. Inde est perduellis, qui pertinaciter retinet bellum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 66, 17 Mull.:II.bellum antea duellum vocatum eo quod duae sunt dimicantium partes... Postea mutata littera dictum bellum,
Isid. Orig. 18, 1, 9: hos pestis necuit, pars occidit illa duellis, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 9, 861 P. (Ann. v. 549 Vahl.):legiones reveniunt domum Exstincto duello maximo atque internecatis hostibus,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35:quae domi duellique male fecisti,
id. As. 3, 2, 13.—So in archaic style, or in citations from ancient documents:quique agent rem duelli,
Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 21:aes atque ferrum, duelli instrumenta,
id. ib. 2, 18, 45 (translated from the Platonic laws):puro pioque duello quaerendas (res) censeo,
Liv. 1, 32, 12 (quoted from ancient transactions); so,quod duellum populo Romano cum Carthaginiensi est,
id. 22, 10, 2:victoriaque duelli populi Romani erit,
id. 23, 11, 2:si duellum quod cum rege Antiocho sumi populus jussit,
id. 36, 2, 2;and from an ancient inscription' duello magno dirimendo, etc.,
id. 40, 52, 5.— Poet.:hic... Pacem duello miscuit,
Hor. C. 3, 5, 38:cadum Marsi memorem duelli,
id. ib. 3, 14, 18:vacuum duellis Janum Quirini clausit,
id. ib. 4, 15, 8; cf. id. Ep. 1, 2, 7; 2, 1, 254; 2, 2, 98; Ov. F. 6, 201; Juv. 1, 169— [p. 227]Form bellum.A.War, warfare (abstr.), or a war, the war (concr.), i.e. hostilities between two nations (cf. tumultus).1.Specifying the enemy.a.By adjj. denoting the nation:b.omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:aliquot annis ante secundum Punicum bellum,
id. Ac. 2, 5, 13:Britannicum bellum,
id. Att. 4, 16, 13:Gallicum,
id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35:Germanicum,
Caes. B. G. 3, 28:Sabinum,
Liv. 1, 26, 4:Parthicum,
Vell. 2, 46, 2;similarly: bellum piraticum,
the war against the pirates, Vell. 2, 33, 1.—Sometimes the adj. refers to the leader or king of the enemy:Sertorianum bellum,
Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:Mithridaticum,
id. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7:Jugurthinum,
Hor. Epod. 9, 23; Vell. 2, 11, 1;similarly: bellum regium,
the war against kings, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50. —Or it refers to the theatre of the war:bellum Africanum, Transalpinum,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28:Asiaticum,
id. ib. 22, 64:Africum,
Caes. B. C. 2, 32 fin.:Actiacum,
Vell. 2, 86, 3:Hispaniense,
id. 2, 55, 2.—With gen. of the name of the nation or its leader: bellum Latinorum, the Latin war, i. e. against the Latins, Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:c.Venetorum,
Caes. B. G. 3, 16:Helvetiorum,
id. ib. 1, 40 fin.;1, 30: Ambiorigis,
id. ib. 6, 29, 4:Pyrrhi, Philippi,
Cic. Phil. 11, 7, 17:Samnitium,
Liv. 7, 29, 2.—With cum and abl. of the name.(α).Attributively:(β).cum Jugurtha, cum Cimbris, cum Teutonis bellum,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 20, 60:belli causa cum Samnitibus,
Liv. 7, 29, 3:hunc finem bellum cum Philippo habuit,
id. 33, 35, 12:novum cum Antiocho instabat bellum,
id. 36, 36, 7; cf. id. 35, 40, 1; 38, 58, 8; 39, 1, 8; 44, 14, 7.—With cum dependent on the verb:d.quia bellum Aetolis esse dixi cum Aliis,
Plaut. Capt. prol. 59:novi consules... duo bella habuere... alterum cum Tiburtibus,
Liv. 7, 17, 2; esp. with gero, v. 2. b. a infra.—With adversus and acc. of the name.(α).Attributively:(β).bellum adversus Philippum,
Liv. 31, 1, 8:bellum populus adversus Vestinos jussit,
id. 8, 29, 6.—With adversus dependent on the verb: quod homines populi Hermunduli adversus populum Romanum bellum fecere, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1: nos pro vobis bellum suscepimus adversus Philippum. Liv. 31, 31, 18:e.ut multo acrius adversus duos quam adversus unum pararet bellum,
id. 45, 11, 8:bellum quod rex adversus Datamem susceperat,
Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—With contra and acc.:f.cum bellum nefarium contra aras et focos, contra vitam fortunasque nostras... non comparari, sed geri jam viderem,
Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1:causam belli contra patriam inferendi,
id. ib. 2, 22, 53.—With in and acc. (very rare):g. h. k.Athenienses in Peloponnesios sexto et vicesimo anno bellum gerentes,
Nep. Lys. 1, 1.—With dat. of the enemy after inferre and facere, v. 2. a. k infra.—2.With verbs.a.Referring to the beginning of the war.(α).Bellum movere or commovere, to bring about, stir up a war:(β).summa erat observatio in bello movendo,
Cic. Off. 1, 11, 37:bellum commotum a Scapula,
id. Fam. 9, 13, 1:nuntiabant alii... in Apulia servile bellum moveri,
Sall. C. 30, 2:is primum Volscis bellum in ducentos amplius... annos movit,
Liv. 1, 53, 2:insequenti anno Veiens bellum motum,
id. 4, 58, 6:dii pium movere bellum,
id. 8, 6, 4; cf. Verg. A. 10, 627; id. G. 1, 509; so,concitare,
Liv. 7, 27, 5; and ciere ( poet.), Verg. A. 1, 541; 6, 829; 12, 158.—Bellum parare, comparare, apparare, or se praeparare bello, to prepare a war, or for a war:(γ).cum tam pestiferum bellum pararet,
Cic. Att. 9, 13, 3:bellum utrimque summopere parabatur,
Liv. 1, 23, 1; cf. id. 45, 11, 8 (v. II. A. 1. d. b supra); Nep. Hann. 2, 6; Quint. 12, 3, 5; Ov. M. 7, 456; so,parare alicui,
Nep. Alcib. 9, 5:bellum terra et mari comparat,
Cic. Att. 10, 4, 3:tantum bellum... Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit,
id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 3, 5:bellum omnium consensu apparari coeptum,
Liv. 4, 55, 7:numquam imperator ita paci credit, ut non se praeparet bello,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 26, 2.—Bellum differre, to postpone a war:(δ).nec jam poterat bellum differri,
Liv. 2, 30, 7:mors Hamilcaris et pueritia Hannibalis distulerunt bellum,
id. 21, 2, 3; cf. id. 5, 5, 3.—Bellum sumere, to undertake, begin a war (not in Caesar):(ε).omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrume desinere,
Sall. J. 83, 1:prius tamen omnia pati decrevit quam bellum sumere,
id. ib. 20, 5:de integro bellum sumit,
id. ib. 62, 9:iis haec maxima ratio belli sumendi fuerat,
Liv. 38, 19, 3:sumi bellum etiam ab ignavis, strenuissimi cujusque periculo geri,
Tac. H. 4, 69; cf. id. A. 2, 45; 13, 34; 15, 5; 15, 7; id. Agr. 16.—Bellum suscipere (rarely inire), to undertake, commence a war, join in a war:(ζ).bellum ita suscipiatur ut nihil nisi pax quaesita videatur,
Cic. Off. 1, 23, 80:suscipienda quidem bella sunt ob eam causam ut, etc.,
id. ib. 1, 11, 35:judicavit a plerisque ignoratione... bellum esse susceptum,
join, id. Marcell. 5, 13; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 35 (v. supra):cum avertisset plebem a suscipiendo bello,
undertaking, Liv. 4, 58, 14:senatui cum Camillo agi placuit ut bellum Etruscum susciperet,
id. 6, 9, 5:bella non causis inita, sed ut eorum merces fuit,
Vell. 2, 3, 3.—Bellum consentire = bellum consensu decernere, to decree a war by agreement, to ratify a declaration of war (rare):(η).consensit et senatus bellum,
Liv. 8, 6, 8:bellum erat consensum,
id. 1, 32, 12.—Bellum alicui mandare, committere, decernere, dare, gerendum dare, ad aliquem deferre, or aliquem bello praeficere, praeponere, to assign a war to one as a commander, to give one the chief command in a war:(θ).sed ne tum quidem populus Romanus ad privatum detulit bellum,
Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:populus Romanus consuli... bellum gerendum dedit,
id. ib.:cur non... eidem... hoc quoque bellum regium committamus?
id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50:Camillus cui id bellum mandatum erat,
Liv. 5, 26, 3:Volscum bellum M. Furio extra ordinem decretum,
id. 6, 22, 6:Gallicum bellum Popilio extra ordinem datum,
id. 7, 23, 2:quo die a vobis maritimo bello praepositus est imperator,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44:cum ei (bello) imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit eximia belli scientia,
id. ib. 16, 49:hunc toti bello praefecerunt,
Caes. B. G. 5, 11 fin.:alicui bellum suscipiendum dare,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 19, 58:bellum administrandum permittere,
id. ib. 21, 61.—Bellum indicere alicui, to declare war against (the regular expression; coupled with facere in the ancient formula of the pater patratus), also bellum denuntiare: ob eam rem ego... populo Hermundulo... bellum (in)dico facioque, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1:(κ).ob eam rem ego populusque Romanus populis... Latinis bellum indico facioque,
Liv. 1, 32, 13:Corinthiis bellum indicamus an non?
Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17:ex quo intellegi potest, nullum bellum esse justum nisi quod aut rebus repetitis geratur, aut denuntiatum ante sit et indictum,
id. Off. 1, 11, 36; id. Rep. 3, 23, 35:bellum indici posse existimabat,
Liv. 1, 22, 4:ni reddantur (res) bellum indicere jussos,
id. 1, 22, 6:ut... nec gererentur solum sed etiam indicerentur bella aliquo ritu, jus... descripsit quo res repetuntur,
id. 1, 32, 5; cf. id. 1, 32, 9; 2, 18, 11; 2, 38, 5; Verg. A. 7, 616.—Bellum inferre alicui (cf. contra aliquem, 1. e. supra; also bellum facere; absol., with dat., or with cum and abl.), to begin a war against ( with), to make war on:(λ).Denseletis nefarium bellum intulisti,
Cic. Pis. 34, 84:ei civitati bellum indici atque inferri solere,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:qui sibi Galliaeque bellum intulissent,
Caes. B. G. 4, 16; Nep. Them. 2, 4; Verg. A. 3, 248:bellumne populo Romano Lampsacena civitas facere conabatur?
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:bellum patriae faciet,
id. Mil. 23, 63; id. Cat. 3, 9, 22:civitatem Eburonum populo Romano bellum facere ausam,
Caes. B. G. 5, 28; cf. id. ib. 7, 2;3, 29: constituit bellum facere,
Sall. C. 26, 5; 24, 2:occupant bellum facere,
they are the first to begin the war, Liv. 1, 14, 4:ut bellum cum Priscis Latinis fieret,
id. 1, 32, 13:populus Palaepolitanis bellum fieri jussit,
id. 8, 22, 8; cf. Nep. Dion, 4, 3; id. Ages. 2, 1.— Coupled with instruere, to sustain a war:urbs quae bellum facere atque instruere possit,
Cic. Agr. 2, 28, 77.—Bellum facere had become obsolete at Seneca's time, Sen. Ep. 114, 17.—Bellum oritur or exoritur, a war begins:subito bellum in Gallia ex, ortum est,
Caes. B. G. 3, 7:aliud multo propius bellum ortum,
Liv. 1, 14, 4:Veiens bellum exortum,
id. 2, 53, 1.—(ante-class. and poet. ), i, n. [Sanscr. dva, dvi, dus; cf. Germ. zwei; Engl. two, twice; for the change from initial du- to b-, cf. bis for duis, and v. the letter B, and Varr. L. L. 5, § 73 Mull.; 7, § 49 ib.], war.I.Form duellum: duellum, bellum, videlicet quod duabus partibus de victoria contendentibus dimicatur. Inde est perduellis, qui pertinaciter retinet bellum, Paul. ex Fest. p. 66, 17 Mull.:II.bellum antea duellum vocatum eo quod duae sunt dimicantium partes... Postea mutata littera dictum bellum,
Isid. Orig. 18, 1, 9: hos pestis necuit, pars occidit illa duellis, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 9, 861 P. (Ann. v. 549 Vahl.):legiones reveniunt domum Exstincto duello maximo atque internecatis hostibus,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 35:quae domi duellique male fecisti,
id. As. 3, 2, 13.—So in archaic style, or in citations from ancient documents:quique agent rem duelli,
Cic. Leg. 2, 8, 21:aes atque ferrum, duelli instrumenta,
id. ib. 2, 18, 45 (translated from the Platonic laws):puro pioque duello quaerendas (res) censeo,
Liv. 1, 32, 12 (quoted from ancient transactions); so,quod duellum populo Romano cum Carthaginiensi est,
id. 22, 10, 2:victoriaque duelli populi Romani erit,
id. 23, 11, 2:si duellum quod cum rege Antiocho sumi populus jussit,
id. 36, 2, 2;and from an ancient inscription' duello magno dirimendo, etc.,
id. 40, 52, 5.— Poet.:hic... Pacem duello miscuit,
Hor. C. 3, 5, 38:cadum Marsi memorem duelli,
id. ib. 3, 14, 18:vacuum duellis Janum Quirini clausit,
id. ib. 4, 15, 8; cf. id. Ep. 1, 2, 7; 2, 1, 254; 2, 2, 98; Ov. F. 6, 201; Juv. 1, 169— [p. 227]Form bellum.A.War, warfare (abstr.), or a war, the war (concr.), i.e. hostilities between two nations (cf. tumultus).1.Specifying the enemy.a.By adjj. denoting the nation:b.omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:aliquot annis ante secundum Punicum bellum,
id. Ac. 2, 5, 13:Britannicum bellum,
id. Att. 4, 16, 13:Gallicum,
id. Prov. Cons. 14, 35:Germanicum,
Caes. B. G. 3, 28:Sabinum,
Liv. 1, 26, 4:Parthicum,
Vell. 2, 46, 2;similarly: bellum piraticum,
the war against the pirates, Vell. 2, 33, 1.—Sometimes the adj. refers to the leader or king of the enemy:Sertorianum bellum,
Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:Mithridaticum,
id. Imp. Pomp. 3, 7:Jugurthinum,
Hor. Epod. 9, 23; Vell. 2, 11, 1;similarly: bellum regium,
the war against kings, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50. —Or it refers to the theatre of the war:bellum Africanum, Transalpinum,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28:Asiaticum,
id. ib. 22, 64:Africum,
Caes. B. C. 2, 32 fin.:Actiacum,
Vell. 2, 86, 3:Hispaniense,
id. 2, 55, 2.—With gen. of the name of the nation or its leader: bellum Latinorum, the Latin war, i. e. against the Latins, Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:c.Venetorum,
Caes. B. G. 3, 16:Helvetiorum,
id. ib. 1, 40 fin.;1, 30: Ambiorigis,
id. ib. 6, 29, 4:Pyrrhi, Philippi,
Cic. Phil. 11, 7, 17:Samnitium,
Liv. 7, 29, 2.—With cum and abl. of the name.(α).Attributively:(β).cum Jugurtha, cum Cimbris, cum Teutonis bellum,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 20, 60:belli causa cum Samnitibus,
Liv. 7, 29, 3:hunc finem bellum cum Philippo habuit,
id. 33, 35, 12:novum cum Antiocho instabat bellum,
id. 36, 36, 7; cf. id. 35, 40, 1; 38, 58, 8; 39, 1, 8; 44, 14, 7.—With cum dependent on the verb:d.quia bellum Aetolis esse dixi cum Aliis,
Plaut. Capt. prol. 59:novi consules... duo bella habuere... alterum cum Tiburtibus,
Liv. 7, 17, 2; esp. with gero, v. 2. b. a infra.—With adversus and acc. of the name.(α).Attributively:(β).bellum adversus Philippum,
Liv. 31, 1, 8:bellum populus adversus Vestinos jussit,
id. 8, 29, 6.—With adversus dependent on the verb: quod homines populi Hermunduli adversus populum Romanum bellum fecere, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1: nos pro vobis bellum suscepimus adversus Philippum. Liv. 31, 31, 18:e.ut multo acrius adversus duos quam adversus unum pararet bellum,
id. 45, 11, 8:bellum quod rex adversus Datamem susceperat,
Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—With contra and acc.:f.cum bellum nefarium contra aras et focos, contra vitam fortunasque nostras... non comparari, sed geri jam viderem,
Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1:causam belli contra patriam inferendi,
id. ib. 2, 22, 53.—With in and acc. (very rare):g. h. k.Athenienses in Peloponnesios sexto et vicesimo anno bellum gerentes,
Nep. Lys. 1, 1.—With dat. of the enemy after inferre and facere, v. 2. a. k infra.—2.With verbs.a.Referring to the beginning of the war.(α).Bellum movere or commovere, to bring about, stir up a war:(β).summa erat observatio in bello movendo,
Cic. Off. 1, 11, 37:bellum commotum a Scapula,
id. Fam. 9, 13, 1:nuntiabant alii... in Apulia servile bellum moveri,
Sall. C. 30, 2:is primum Volscis bellum in ducentos amplius... annos movit,
Liv. 1, 53, 2:insequenti anno Veiens bellum motum,
id. 4, 58, 6:dii pium movere bellum,
id. 8, 6, 4; cf. Verg. A. 10, 627; id. G. 1, 509; so,concitare,
Liv. 7, 27, 5; and ciere ( poet.), Verg. A. 1, 541; 6, 829; 12, 158.—Bellum parare, comparare, apparare, or se praeparare bello, to prepare a war, or for a war:(γ).cum tam pestiferum bellum pararet,
Cic. Att. 9, 13, 3:bellum utrimque summopere parabatur,
Liv. 1, 23, 1; cf. id. 45, 11, 8 (v. II. A. 1. d. b supra); Nep. Hann. 2, 6; Quint. 12, 3, 5; Ov. M. 7, 456; so,parare alicui,
Nep. Alcib. 9, 5:bellum terra et mari comparat,
Cic. Att. 10, 4, 3:tantum bellum... Cn. Pompeius extrema hieme apparavit, ineunte vere suscepit, media aestate confecit,
id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 3, 5:bellum omnium consensu apparari coeptum,
Liv. 4, 55, 7:numquam imperator ita paci credit, ut non se praeparet bello,
Sen. Vit. Beat. 26, 2.—Bellum differre, to postpone a war:(δ).nec jam poterat bellum differri,
Liv. 2, 30, 7:mors Hamilcaris et pueritia Hannibalis distulerunt bellum,
id. 21, 2, 3; cf. id. 5, 5, 3.—Bellum sumere, to undertake, begin a war (not in Caesar):(ε).omne bellum sumi facile, ceterum aegerrume desinere,
Sall. J. 83, 1:prius tamen omnia pati decrevit quam bellum sumere,
id. ib. 20, 5:de integro bellum sumit,
id. ib. 62, 9:iis haec maxima ratio belli sumendi fuerat,
Liv. 38, 19, 3:sumi bellum etiam ab ignavis, strenuissimi cujusque periculo geri,
Tac. H. 4, 69; cf. id. A. 2, 45; 13, 34; 15, 5; 15, 7; id. Agr. 16.—Bellum suscipere (rarely inire), to undertake, commence a war, join in a war:(ζ).bellum ita suscipiatur ut nihil nisi pax quaesita videatur,
Cic. Off. 1, 23, 80:suscipienda quidem bella sunt ob eam causam ut, etc.,
id. ib. 1, 11, 35:judicavit a plerisque ignoratione... bellum esse susceptum,
join, id. Marcell. 5, 13; id. Imp. Pomp. 12, 35 (v. supra):cum avertisset plebem a suscipiendo bello,
undertaking, Liv. 4, 58, 14:senatui cum Camillo agi placuit ut bellum Etruscum susciperet,
id. 6, 9, 5:bella non causis inita, sed ut eorum merces fuit,
Vell. 2, 3, 3.—Bellum consentire = bellum consensu decernere, to decree a war by agreement, to ratify a declaration of war (rare):(η).consensit et senatus bellum,
Liv. 8, 6, 8:bellum erat consensum,
id. 1, 32, 12.—Bellum alicui mandare, committere, decernere, dare, gerendum dare, ad aliquem deferre, or aliquem bello praeficere, praeponere, to assign a war to one as a commander, to give one the chief command in a war:(θ).sed ne tum quidem populus Romanus ad privatum detulit bellum,
Cic. Phil. 11, 8, 18:populus Romanus consuli... bellum gerendum dedit,
id. ib.:cur non... eidem... hoc quoque bellum regium committamus?
id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50:Camillus cui id bellum mandatum erat,
Liv. 5, 26, 3:Volscum bellum M. Furio extra ordinem decretum,
id. 6, 22, 6:Gallicum bellum Popilio extra ordinem datum,
id. 7, 23, 2:quo die a vobis maritimo bello praepositus est imperator,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 44:cum ei (bello) imperatorem praeficere possitis, in quo sit eximia belli scientia,
id. ib. 16, 49:hunc toti bello praefecerunt,
Caes. B. G. 5, 11 fin.:alicui bellum suscipiendum dare,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 19, 58:bellum administrandum permittere,
id. ib. 21, 61.—Bellum indicere alicui, to declare war against (the regular expression; coupled with facere in the ancient formula of the pater patratus), also bellum denuntiare: ob eam rem ego... populo Hermundulo... bellum (in)dico facioque, Cincius ap. Gell. 16, 14, 1:(κ).ob eam rem ego populusque Romanus populis... Latinis bellum indico facioque,
Liv. 1, 32, 13:Corinthiis bellum indicamus an non?
Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17:ex quo intellegi potest, nullum bellum esse justum nisi quod aut rebus repetitis geratur, aut denuntiatum ante sit et indictum,
id. Off. 1, 11, 36; id. Rep. 3, 23, 35:bellum indici posse existimabat,
Liv. 1, 22, 4:ni reddantur (res) bellum indicere jussos,
id. 1, 22, 6:ut... nec gererentur solum sed etiam indicerentur bella aliquo ritu, jus... descripsit quo res repetuntur,
id. 1, 32, 5; cf. id. 1, 32, 9; 2, 18, 11; 2, 38, 5; Verg. A. 7, 616.—Bellum inferre alicui (cf. contra aliquem, 1. e. supra; also bellum facere; absol., with dat., or with cum and abl.), to begin a war against ( with), to make war on:(λ).Denseletis nefarium bellum intulisti,
Cic. Pis. 34, 84:ei civitati bellum indici atque inferri solere,
id. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:qui sibi Galliaeque bellum intulissent,
Caes. B. G. 4, 16; Nep. Them. 2, 4; Verg. A. 3, 248:bellumne populo Romano Lampsacena civitas facere conabatur?
Cic. Verr. 2, 1, 31, § 79:bellum patriae faciet,
id. Mil. 23, 63; id. Cat. 3, 9, 22:civitatem Eburonum populo Romano bellum facere ausam,
Caes. B. G. 5, 28; cf. id. ib. 7, 2;3, 29: constituit bellum facere,
Sall. C. 26, 5; 24, 2:occupant bellum facere,
they are the first to begin the war, Liv. 1, 14, 4:ut bellum cum Priscis Latinis fieret,
id. 1, 32, 13:populus Palaepolitanis bellum fieri jussit,
id. 8, 22, 8; cf. Nep. Dion, 4, 3; id. Ages. 2, 1.— Coupled with instruere, to sustain a war:urbs quae bellum facere atque instruere possit,
Cic. Agr. 2, 28, 77.—Bellum facere had become obsolete at Seneca's time, Sen. Ep. 114, 17.—Bellum oritur or exoritur, a war begins:b.subito bellum in Gallia ex, ortum est,
Caes. B. G. 3, 7:aliud multo propius bellum ortum,
Liv. 1, 14, 4:Veiens bellum exortum,
id. 2, 53, 1.—Referring to the carrying on of the war: bellum gerere, to carry on a war; absol., with cum and abl., per and acc., or in and abl. (cf.:(β).bellum gerere in aliquem, 1. a. and f. supra): nisi forte ego vobis... cessare nunc videor cum bella non gero,
Cic. Sen. 6, 18:cum Celtiberis, cum Cimbris bellum ut cum inimicis gerebatur,
id. Off. 1, 12, 38:cum ei bellum ut cum rege Perse gereret obtigisset,
id. Div. 1, 46, 103:erant hae difficultates belli gerendi,
Caes. B. G. 3, 10:bellum cum Germanis gerere constituit,
id. ib. 4, 6:Cn. Pompeius in extremis terris bellum gerebat,
Sall. C. 16, 5:bellum quod Hannibale duce Carthaginienses cum populo Romano gessere,
Liv. 21, 1, 1:alter consul in Sabinis bellum gessit,
id. 2, 62, 3:de exercitibus per quos id bellum gereretur,
id. 23, 25, 5:Chabrias bella in Aegypto sua sponte gessit,
Nep. Chabr, 2, 1.—Sometimes bellum administrare only of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 43; Nep. Chabr. 2, 1. —Also (very rare):bellum bellare,
Liv. 8, 40, 1 (but belligerantes is absol., Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; Ann. v. 201 Vahl.);in the same sense: bellum agere,
Nep. Hann. 8, 3. —As a synonym:bello persequi aliquem,
Nep. Con. 4, 1; cf. Liv. 3, 25, 3.—Trahere or ducere bellum, to protract a war:(γ).necesse est enim aut trahi id bellum, aut, etc.,
Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2:bellum trahi non posse,
Sall. J. 23, 2:belli trahendi causa,
Liv. 5, 11, 8:morae qua trahebant bellum paenitebat,
id. 9, 27, 5:suadere institui ut bellum duceret,
Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2:bellum enim ducetur,
id. ad Brut. 1, 18, 6; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; id. Dat. 8, 4;similarly: cum his molliter et per dilationes bellum geri oportet?
Liv. 5, 5, 1.—Bellum repellere, defendere, or propulsare, to ward off, defend one ' s self against a war:c.bellum Gallicum C. Caesare imperatore gestum est, antea tantummodo repulsum,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32:quod bellum non intulerit sed defenderit,
Caes. B. G. 1, 44:Samnitium vix a se ipsis eo tempore propulsantium bellum,
Liv. 8, 37, 5.—Referring to the end of a war.(α).Bellum deponere, ponere, or omittere, to give up, discontinue a war:(β).in quo (i.e. bello) et gerendo et deponendo jus ut plurimum valeret lege sanximus,
Cic. Leg. 2, 14, 34:(bellum) cum deponi victores velint,
Sall. J. 83, 1:bellum decem ferme annis ante depositum erat,
Liv. 31, 1, 8:nos depositum a vobis bellum et ipsi omisimus,
id. 31, 31, 19:dicit posse condicionibus bellum poni,
Sall. J. 112, 1:bellum grave cum Etruria positum est,
id. H. Fragm. 1, 9 Dietsch:velut posito bello,
Liv. 1, 53, 5:manere bellum quod positum simuletur,
id. 1, 53, 7:posito ubique bello,
Tac. H. 2, 52; cf. Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 93; Verg. A. 1, 291:omisso Romano bello Porsinna filium Arruntem Ariciam... mittit,
Liv. 2, 14, 5.—Bellum componere, to end a war by agreement, make peace:(γ).timerent ne bellum componeretur,
Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 3:si bellum compositum foret,
Sall. J. 97, 2:belli componendi licentiam,
id. ib. 103, 3; cf. Nep. Ham. 1, 5; id. Hann. 6, 2; id. Alcib. 8, 3; Verg. A. 12, 109;similarly: bellum sedare,
Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—Bellum conficere, perficere, finire, to finish, end a war; conficere (the most usual term) and perficere, = to finish a war by conquering; finire (rare), without implying success:d.is bellum confecerit qui Antonium oppresserit,
Cic. Fam. 11, 12, 2:bellumque maximum conficies,
id. Rep. 6, 11, 11:confecto Mithridatico bello,
id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; cf. id. Fam. 5, 10, 3; id. Imp. Pomp. 14, 42:quo proelio... bellum Venetorum confectum est,
Caes. B. G. 3, 16; cf. id. ib. 1, 30; 1, 44; 1, 54; 3, 28;4, 16: bello confecto de Rhodiis consultum est,
Sall. C. 51, 5; cf. id. J. 36, 1; 114, 3:neminem nisi bello confecto pecuniam petiturum esse,
Liv. 24, 18, 11; cf. id. 21, 40, 11; 23, 6, 2; 31, 47, 4; 32, 32, 6;36, 2, 3: bello perfecto,
Caes. B. C. 3, 18, 5; Liv. 1, 38, 3:se quo die hostem vidisset perfecturum (i. e. bellum),
id. 22, 38, 7; 31, 4, 2; cf. id. 3, 24, 1; 34, 6, 12; Just. 5, 2, 11:neque desiturum ante... quam finitum aliqua tolerabili condicione bellum videro,
Liv. 23, 12, 10: finito ex maxima parte.. [p. 228] italico bello, Vell. 2, 17, 1; Curt. 3, 1, 9; Tac. A. 15, 17; Just. 16, 2, 6; 24, 1, 8; Verg. A. 11, 116.—Less usual connections:3.bellum delere: non modo praesentia sed etiam futura bella delevit,
Cic. Lael. 3, 11; cf. Nep. Alcib. 8, 4:alere ac fovere bellum,
Liv. 42, 11, 5:bellum navare alicui,
Tac. H. 5, 25:spargere,
id. A. 3, 21; id. Agr. 38; Luc. 2, 682:serere,
Liv. 21, 10, 4:circumferre,
Tac. A. 13, 37:exercere,
id. ib. 6, 31:quam celeriter belli impetus navigavit ( = quam celeriter navale bellum gestum est),
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 34; so Flor. 2, 2, 17:bellum ascendit in rupes,
id. 4, 12, 4:bellum serpit in proximos,
id. 2, 9, 4; cf. id. 2, 2, 15:bella narrare,
Cic. Or. 9, 30:canere bella,
Quint. 10, 1, 91:bella legere,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28.—As object denoting place or time.a.Proficisci ad bellum, to depart for the war.(α).Of the commander:(β).consul sortitu ad bellum profectus,
Cic. Phil. 14, 2, 4; cf. id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:ipse ad bellum Ambiorigis profectus,
Caes. B. G. 6, 29, 4:ut duo ex tribunis ad bellum proficiscerentur,
Liv. 4, 45, 7; cf. id. 6, 2, 9: Nep. Alcib. 4, 1; Sall. H. 2, 96 Dietsch. —Post-class.:in bellum,
Just. 2, 11, 9; Gell. 17, 9, 8.—Of persons partaking in a war:b.si proficiscerer ad bellum,
Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 1. —Ad bellum mittere, of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50; 21, 62.—c.In bella ruere, Verg. A. 7, 782; 9, 182:d.in bella sequi,
id. ib. 8, 547.—Of time.(α).In the locative case belli, in war, during war; generally with domi ( = domi militiaeque):(β).valete, judices justissimi, domi bellique duellatores,
Plaut. Capt. prol. 68; so,domi duellique,
id. As. 3, 2, 13 (v. I. supra):quibuscunque rebus vel belli vel domi poterunt rem publicam augeant,
Cic. Off. 2, 24, 85:paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur,
Sall. J. 41, 7:animus belli ingens, domi modicus,
id. ib. 63, 2; Liv. 2, 50, 11; 1, 36, 6; so id. 3, 43, 1; cf.:bello domique,
id. 1, 34, 12:domi belloque,
id. 9, 26, 21; and:neque bello, neque domi,
id. 4, 35, 3.—Without domi:simul rem et gloriam armis belli repperi,
Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 60 (where belli may be taken with gloriam; cf.Wagn. ad loc.): magnae res temporibus illis a fortissimis viris... belli gerebantur,
Cic. Rep. 2, 32, 86.—In bello or in bellis, during war or wars, in the war, in the wars; with adj.:(γ).ad haec quae in civili bello fecerit,
Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 47; cf. id. ib. 14, 8, 22:in ipso bello eadem sensi,
id. Marcell. 5, 14:in Volsco bello virtus enituit,
Liv. 2, 24, 8:in eo bello,
id. 23, 46, 6:in Punicis bellis, Plin.8, 14, 14, § 37: in bello Trojano,
id. 30, 1, 2, § 5.—Without adj.:ut fit in bello, capitur alter filius,
Plaut. Capt. prol. 25:qui in bello occiderunt,
Cic. Fam. 9, 5, 2:quod in bello saepius vindicatum est in eos, etc.,
Sall. C. 9, 4:non in bello solum, sed etiam in pace,
Liv. 1, 15, 8; 2, 23, 2:in bello parta,
Quint. 5, 10, 42; 12, 1, 28.—Abl. bello or bellis = in bello or in bellis (freq.); with adjj.: nos semper omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis amicitiam fidemque populi Romani secuti sumus. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:(δ).bello Italico,
id. Pis. 36, 87:Veienti bello,
id. Div. 1, 44, 100:domestico bello,
id. Planc. 29, 70:qui Volsco, Aurunco Sabinoque militassent bello,
Liv. 23, 12, 11:victor tot intra paucos dies bellis,
id. 2, 27, 1:nullo bello, multis tamen proeliis victus,
id. 9, 18, 9:bello civili,
Quint. 11, 1, 36.—With gen.:praesentiam saepe divi suam declarant, ut et apud Regillum bello Latinorum,
Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:suam felicitatem Helvetiorum bello esse perspectam,
Caes. B. G. 1, 40.—Without attrib.:qui etiam bello victis regibus regna reddere consuevit,
Cic. Sest. 26, 57:res pace belloque gestas,
Liv. 2, 1, 1:egregieque rebus bello gestis,
id. 1, 33, 9; so id. 23, 12, 11:ludi bello voti,
id. 4, 35. 3:princeps pace belloque,
id. 7, 1, 9:Cotyn bello juvisse Persea,
id. 45, 42, 7:bello parta,
Quint. 5, 10, 15; cf. id. 7, 4, 22; Ov. M. 8, 19.—Inter bellum (rare):4.cujus originis morem necesse est... inter bellum natum esse,
Liv. 2, 14, 2:inter haec bella consules... facti,
id. 2, 63, 1.—Bellum in attributive connection.a.Justum bellum.(α).A righteous war, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36 (v. II. A. 2. a. th supra):(β).justum piumque bellum,
Liv. 1, 23, 4:non loquor apud recusantem justa bella populum,
id. 7, 30, 17; so Ov. M. 8, 58; cf.: illa injusta sunt bella quae sine causa suscepta sunt, Cic. Rep. 3, 23, 35.—A regular war (opp. a raid, etc.):b.in fines Romanos excucurrerunt, populabundi magis quam justi more belli,
Liv. 1, 15, 1.—For the different kinds of war: domesticum, civile, intestinum, externum, navale, maritimum, terra marique gestum, servile, sociale; v. hh. vv.—c.Belli eventus or exitus, the result of a war:d.quicunque belli eventus fuisset,
Cic. Marcell. 8, 24:haud sane alio animo belli eventum exspectabant,
Sall. C. 37, 9:eventus tamen belli minus miserabilem dimicationem fecit,
Liv. 1, 23, 2; cf. id. 7, 11, 1:exitus hujus calamitosissimi belli,
Cic. Fam. 6, 21, 1:cum esset incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli,
id. Marcell. 5, 15; so id. Off. 2, 8,:Britannici belli exitus exspectatur,
id. Att. 4, 16, 13:cetera bella maximeque Veiens incerti exitus erant,
Liv. 5, 16, 8.—Fortuna belli, the chances of war:e.adeo varia fortuna belli ancepsque Mars fuit ut,
Liv. 21, 1, 2; cf. Cic. Marcell. 5, 15 (v. c. supra).—Belli artes, military skill:f.cuilibet superiorum regum belli pacisque et artibus et gloria par,
Liv. 1, 35, 1:haud ignotas belli artes,
id. 21, 1, 2:temperata et belli et pacis artibus erat civitas,
id. 1, 21, 6.—Jus belli, the law of war: jura belli, the rights ( law) of war:g.in re publica maxime servanda sunt jura belli,
Cic. Off. 1, 11, 34:sunt et belli sicut pacis jura,
Liv. 5, 27, 6:jure belli res vindicatur,
Gai. Inst. 3, 94.—Belli duces praestantissimos, the most excellent captains, generals, Cic. Or. 1, 2, 7:h.trium simul bellorum victor,
a victor in three wars, Liv. 6, 4, 1 (cf.:victor tot bellis,
id. 2, 27, 1). —Belli vulnera, Cic. Marcell. 8, 24.—B.Transf.1.Of things concr. and abstr.:2.qui parietibus, qui tectis, qui columnis ac postibus meis... bellum intulistis,
Cic. Dom. 23, 60:bellum contra aras et focos,
id. Phil. 3, 1, 1:miror cur philosophiae... bellum indixeris,
id. Or. 2, 37, 155:ventri Indico bellum,
Hor. S. 1, 5, 8.—Of animals:3.milvo est quoddam bellum quasi naturale cum corvo,
Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 125:hanc Juno Esse jussit gruem, populisque suis indicere bellum,
Ov. M. 6, 92.—With individuals:4.quid mihi opu'st... cum eis gerere bellum, etc.,
Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 14:nihil turpius quam cum eo bellum gerere quicum familiariter vixeris,
Cic. Lael. 21, 77:cum mihi uni cum improbis aeternum videam bellum susceptum,
id. Sull. 9, 28:hoc tibi juventus Romana indicimus bellum,
Liv. 2, 12, 11:falsum testem justo ac pio bello persequebatur,
id. 3, 25, 3:tribunicium domi bellum patres territat,
id. 3, 24, 1; cf. Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 57.—Ironically:equus Trojanus qui tot invictos viros muliebre bellum gerentes tulerit ac texerit,
Cic. Cael. 28, 67.—In mal. part., Hor. C. 3, 26, 3; 4, 1, 2.—5.Personified as god of war ( = Janus):6.tabulas duas quae Belli faciem pictam habent,
Plin. 35, 4, 10, § 27:sunt geminae Belli portae, etc.,
Verg. A. 7, 607:mortiferumque averso in limine Bellum,
id. ib. 6, 279.—Plur.: bella, army ( poet.):7.permanet Aonius Nereus violentus in undis, Bellaque non transfert (i.e. Graecorum exercitum),
Ov. M. 12, 24:sed victae fera bella deae vexere per aequora,
Sil. 7, 472:quid faciat bellis obsessus et undis?
Stat. Th. 9, 490.—Battle, = proelium:8.rorarii dicti a rore: qui bellum committebant ante,
Varr. L. L. 7, 3, 92:quod in bello saepius vindicatum in eos qui... tardius, revocati, bello excesserant,
Sall. C. 9, 4:praecipua laus ejus belli penes consules fuit,
Liv. 8, 10, 7:commisso statim bello,
Front. Strat. 1, 11, 2:Actia bella,
Verg. A. 8, 675:ingentem pugnam, ceu cetera nusquam Bella forent,
id. ib. 2, 439; cf. Flor. 3, 5, 11; Just. 2, 12; 18, 1 fin.; 24, 8; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 98 (form duellum); Ov. H. 1, 1, 69; Verg. A. 8, 547; 12, 390; 12, 633; Stat. Th. 3, 666. —Bellum = liber de bello:b.quam gaudebat Bello suo Punico Naevius!
Cic. Sen. 14, 50.Referring to the carrying on of the war: bellum gerere, to carry on a war; absol., with cum and abl., per and acc., or in and abl. (cf.:(β).bellum gerere in aliquem, 1. a. and f. supra): nisi forte ego vobis... cessare nunc videor cum bella non gero,
Cic. Sen. 6, 18:cum Celtiberis, cum Cimbris bellum ut cum inimicis gerebatur,
id. Off. 1, 12, 38:cum ei bellum ut cum rege Perse gereret obtigisset,
id. Div. 1, 46, 103:erant hae difficultates belli gerendi,
Caes. B. G. 3, 10:bellum cum Germanis gerere constituit,
id. ib. 4, 6:Cn. Pompeius in extremis terris bellum gerebat,
Sall. C. 16, 5:bellum quod Hannibale duce Carthaginienses cum populo Romano gessere,
Liv. 21, 1, 1:alter consul in Sabinis bellum gessit,
id. 2, 62, 3:de exercitibus per quos id bellum gereretur,
id. 23, 25, 5:Chabrias bella in Aegypto sua sponte gessit,
Nep. Chabr, 2, 1.—Sometimes bellum administrare only of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 15, 43; Nep. Chabr. 2, 1. —Also (very rare):bellum bellare,
Liv. 8, 40, 1 (but belligerantes is absol., Enn. ap. Cic. Off. 1, 12, 38; Ann. v. 201 Vahl.);in the same sense: bellum agere,
Nep. Hann. 8, 3. —As a synonym:bello persequi aliquem,
Nep. Con. 4, 1; cf. Liv. 3, 25, 3.—Trahere or ducere bellum, to protract a war:(γ).necesse est enim aut trahi id bellum, aut, etc.,
Cic. Att. 10, 8, 2:bellum trahi non posse,
Sall. J. 23, 2:belli trahendi causa,
Liv. 5, 11, 8:morae qua trahebant bellum paenitebat,
id. 9, 27, 5:suadere institui ut bellum duceret,
Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 2:bellum enim ducetur,
id. ad Brut. 1, 18, 6; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; id. Dat. 8, 4;similarly: cum his molliter et per dilationes bellum geri oportet?
Liv. 5, 5, 1.—Bellum repellere, defendere, or propulsare, to ward off, defend one ' s self against a war:c.bellum Gallicum C. Caesare imperatore gestum est, antea tantummodo repulsum,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32:quod bellum non intulerit sed defenderit,
Caes. B. G. 1, 44:Samnitium vix a se ipsis eo tempore propulsantium bellum,
Liv. 8, 37, 5.—Referring to the end of a war.(α).Bellum deponere, ponere, or omittere, to give up, discontinue a war:(β).in quo (i.e. bello) et gerendo et deponendo jus ut plurimum valeret lege sanximus,
Cic. Leg. 2, 14, 34:(bellum) cum deponi victores velint,
Sall. J. 83, 1:bellum decem ferme annis ante depositum erat,
Liv. 31, 1, 8:nos depositum a vobis bellum et ipsi omisimus,
id. 31, 31, 19:dicit posse condicionibus bellum poni,
Sall. J. 112, 1:bellum grave cum Etruria positum est,
id. H. Fragm. 1, 9 Dietsch:velut posito bello,
Liv. 1, 53, 5:manere bellum quod positum simuletur,
id. 1, 53, 7:posito ubique bello,
Tac. H. 2, 52; cf. Hor. Ep. 2, 1, 93; Verg. A. 1, 291:omisso Romano bello Porsinna filium Arruntem Ariciam... mittit,
Liv. 2, 14, 5.—Bellum componere, to end a war by agreement, make peace:(γ).timerent ne bellum componeretur,
Cic. Fam. 10, 33, 3:si bellum compositum foret,
Sall. J. 97, 2:belli componendi licentiam,
id. ib. 103, 3; cf. Nep. Ham. 1, 5; id. Hann. 6, 2; id. Alcib. 8, 3; Verg. A. 12, 109;similarly: bellum sedare,
Nep. Dat. 8, 5.—Bellum conficere, perficere, finire, to finish, end a war; conficere (the most usual term) and perficere, = to finish a war by conquering; finire (rare), without implying success:d.is bellum confecerit qui Antonium oppresserit,
Cic. Fam. 11, 12, 2:bellumque maximum conficies,
id. Rep. 6, 11, 11:confecto Mithridatico bello,
id. Prov. Cons. 11, 27; cf. id. Fam. 5, 10, 3; id. Imp. Pomp. 14, 42:quo proelio... bellum Venetorum confectum est,
Caes. B. G. 3, 16; cf. id. ib. 1, 30; 1, 44; 1, 54; 3, 28;4, 16: bello confecto de Rhodiis consultum est,
Sall. C. 51, 5; cf. id. J. 36, 1; 114, 3:neminem nisi bello confecto pecuniam petiturum esse,
Liv. 24, 18, 11; cf. id. 21, 40, 11; 23, 6, 2; 31, 47, 4; 32, 32, 6;36, 2, 3: bello perfecto,
Caes. B. C. 3, 18, 5; Liv. 1, 38, 3:se quo die hostem vidisset perfecturum (i. e. bellum),
id. 22, 38, 7; 31, 4, 2; cf. id. 3, 24, 1; 34, 6, 12; Just. 5, 2, 11:neque desiturum ante... quam finitum aliqua tolerabili condicione bellum videro,
Liv. 23, 12, 10: finito ex maxima parte.. [p. 228] italico bello, Vell. 2, 17, 1; Curt. 3, 1, 9; Tac. A. 15, 17; Just. 16, 2, 6; 24, 1, 8; Verg. A. 11, 116.—Less usual connections:3.bellum delere: non modo praesentia sed etiam futura bella delevit,
Cic. Lael. 3, 11; cf. Nep. Alcib. 8, 4:alere ac fovere bellum,
Liv. 42, 11, 5:bellum navare alicui,
Tac. H. 5, 25:spargere,
id. A. 3, 21; id. Agr. 38; Luc. 2, 682:serere,
Liv. 21, 10, 4:circumferre,
Tac. A. 13, 37:exercere,
id. ib. 6, 31:quam celeriter belli impetus navigavit ( = quam celeriter navale bellum gestum est),
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 12, 34; so Flor. 2, 2, 17:bellum ascendit in rupes,
id. 4, 12, 4:bellum serpit in proximos,
id. 2, 9, 4; cf. id. 2, 2, 15:bella narrare,
Cic. Or. 9, 30:canere bella,
Quint. 10, 1, 91:bella legere,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 10, 28.—As object denoting place or time.a.Proficisci ad bellum, to depart for the war.(α).Of the commander:(β).consul sortitu ad bellum profectus,
Cic. Phil. 14, 2, 4; cf. id. Cat. 1, 13, 33:ipse ad bellum Ambiorigis profectus,
Caes. B. G. 6, 29, 4:ut duo ex tribunis ad bellum proficiscerentur,
Liv. 4, 45, 7; cf. id. 6, 2, 9: Nep. Alcib. 4, 1; Sall. H. 2, 96 Dietsch. —Post-class.:in bellum,
Just. 2, 11, 9; Gell. 17, 9, 8.—Of persons partaking in a war:b.si proficiscerer ad bellum,
Cic. Fam. 7, 3, 1. —Ad bellum mittere, of the commander, Cic. Imp. Pomp. 17, 50; 21, 62.—c.In bella ruere, Verg. A. 7, 782; 9, 182:d.in bella sequi,
id. ib. 8, 547.—Of time.(α).In the locative case belli, in war, during war; generally with domi ( = domi militiaeque):(β).valete, judices justissimi, domi bellique duellatores,
Plaut. Capt. prol. 68; so,domi duellique,
id. As. 3, 2, 13 (v. I. supra):quibuscunque rebus vel belli vel domi poterunt rem publicam augeant,
Cic. Off. 2, 24, 85:paucorum arbitrio belli domique agitabatur,
Sall. J. 41, 7:animus belli ingens, domi modicus,
id. ib. 63, 2; Liv. 2, 50, 11; 1, 36, 6; so id. 3, 43, 1; cf.:bello domique,
id. 1, 34, 12:domi belloque,
id. 9, 26, 21; and:neque bello, neque domi,
id. 4, 35, 3.—Without domi:simul rem et gloriam armis belli repperi,
Ter. Heaut. 1, 1, 60 (where belli may be taken with gloriam; cf.Wagn. ad loc.): magnae res temporibus illis a fortissimis viris... belli gerebantur,
Cic. Rep. 2, 32, 86.—In bello or in bellis, during war or wars, in the war, in the wars; with adj.:(γ).ad haec quae in civili bello fecerit,
Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 47; cf. id. ib. 14, 8, 22:in ipso bello eadem sensi,
id. Marcell. 5, 14:in Volsco bello virtus enituit,
Liv. 2, 24, 8:in eo bello,
id. 23, 46, 6:in Punicis bellis, Plin.8, 14, 14, § 37: in bello Trojano,
id. 30, 1, 2, § 5.—Without adj.:ut fit in bello, capitur alter filius,
Plaut. Capt. prol. 25:qui in bello occiderunt,
Cic. Fam. 9, 5, 2:quod in bello saepius vindicatum est in eos, etc.,
Sall. C. 9, 4:non in bello solum, sed etiam in pace,
Liv. 1, 15, 8; 2, 23, 2:in bello parta,
Quint. 5, 10, 42; 12, 1, 28.—Abl. bello or bellis = in bello or in bellis (freq.); with adjj.: nos semper omnibus Punicis Siciliensibusque bellis amicitiam fidemque populi Romani secuti sumus. Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 47, § 124:(δ).bello Italico,
id. Pis. 36, 87:Veienti bello,
id. Div. 1, 44, 100:domestico bello,
id. Planc. 29, 70:qui Volsco, Aurunco Sabinoque militassent bello,
Liv. 23, 12, 11:victor tot intra paucos dies bellis,
id. 2, 27, 1:nullo bello, multis tamen proeliis victus,
id. 9, 18, 9:bello civili,
Quint. 11, 1, 36.—With gen.:praesentiam saepe divi suam declarant, ut et apud Regillum bello Latinorum,
Cic. N. D. 2, 2, 6:suam felicitatem Helvetiorum bello esse perspectam,
Caes. B. G. 1, 40.—Without attrib.:qui etiam bello victis regibus regna reddere consuevit,
Cic. Sest. 26, 57:res pace belloque gestas,
Liv. 2, 1, 1:egregieque rebus bello gestis,
id. 1, 33, 9; so id. 23, 12, 11:ludi bello voti,
id. 4, 35. 3:princeps pace belloque,
id. 7, 1, 9:Cotyn bello juvisse Persea,
id. 45, 42, 7:bello parta,
Quint. 5, 10, 15; cf. id. 7, 4, 22; Ov. M. 8, 19.—Inter bellum (rare):4.cujus originis morem necesse est... inter bellum natum esse,
Liv. 2, 14, 2:inter haec bella consules... facti,
id. 2, 63, 1.—Bellum in attributive connection.a.Justum bellum.(α).A righteous war, Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36 (v. II. A. 2. a. th supra):(β).justum piumque bellum,
Liv. 1, 23, 4:non loquor apud recusantem justa bella populum,
id. 7, 30, 17; so Ov. M. 8, 58; cf.: illa injusta sunt bella quae sine causa suscepta sunt, Cic. Rep. 3, 23, 35.—A regular war (opp. a raid, etc.):b.in fines Romanos excucurrerunt, populabundi magis quam justi more belli,
Liv. 1, 15, 1.—For the different kinds of war: domesticum, civile, intestinum, externum, navale, maritimum, terra marique gestum, servile, sociale; v. hh. vv.—c.Belli eventus or exitus, the result of a war:d.quicunque belli eventus fuisset,
Cic. Marcell. 8, 24:haud sane alio animo belli eventum exspectabant,
Sall. C. 37, 9:eventus tamen belli minus miserabilem dimicationem fecit,
Liv. 1, 23, 2; cf. id. 7, 11, 1:exitus hujus calamitosissimi belli,
Cic. Fam. 6, 21, 1:cum esset incertus exitus et anceps fortuna belli,
id. Marcell. 5, 15; so id. Off. 2, 8,:Britannici belli exitus exspectatur,
id. Att. 4, 16, 13:cetera bella maximeque Veiens incerti exitus erant,
Liv. 5, 16, 8.—Fortuna belli, the chances of war:e.adeo varia fortuna belli ancepsque Mars fuit ut,
Liv. 21, 1, 2; cf. Cic. Marcell. 5, 15 (v. c. supra).—Belli artes, military skill:f.cuilibet superiorum regum belli pacisque et artibus et gloria par,
Liv. 1, 35, 1:haud ignotas belli artes,
id. 21, 1, 2:temperata et belli et pacis artibus erat civitas,
id. 1, 21, 6.—Jus belli, the law of war: jura belli, the rights ( law) of war:g.in re publica maxime servanda sunt jura belli,
Cic. Off. 1, 11, 34:sunt et belli sicut pacis jura,
Liv. 5, 27, 6:jure belli res vindicatur,
Gai. Inst. 3, 94.—Belli duces praestantissimos, the most excellent captains, generals, Cic. Or. 1, 2, 7:h.trium simul bellorum victor,
a victor in three wars, Liv. 6, 4, 1 (cf.:victor tot bellis,
id. 2, 27, 1). —Belli vulnera, Cic. Marcell. 8, 24.—B.Transf.1.Of things concr. and abstr.:2.qui parietibus, qui tectis, qui columnis ac postibus meis... bellum intulistis,
Cic. Dom. 23, 60:bellum contra aras et focos,
id. Phil. 3, 1, 1:miror cur philosophiae... bellum indixeris,
id. Or. 2, 37, 155:ventri Indico bellum,
Hor. S. 1, 5, 8.—Of animals:3.milvo est quoddam bellum quasi naturale cum corvo,
Cic. N. D. 2, 49, 125:hanc Juno Esse jussit gruem, populisque suis indicere bellum,
Ov. M. 6, 92.—With individuals:4.quid mihi opu'st... cum eis gerere bellum, etc.,
Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 14:nihil turpius quam cum eo bellum gerere quicum familiariter vixeris,
Cic. Lael. 21, 77:cum mihi uni cum improbis aeternum videam bellum susceptum,
id. Sull. 9, 28:hoc tibi juventus Romana indicimus bellum,
Liv. 2, 12, 11:falsum testem justo ac pio bello persequebatur,
id. 3, 25, 3:tribunicium domi bellum patres territat,
id. 3, 24, 1; cf. Plin. Ep. 1, 2, 57.—Ironically:equus Trojanus qui tot invictos viros muliebre bellum gerentes tulerit ac texerit,
Cic. Cael. 28, 67.—In mal. part., Hor. C. 3, 26, 3; 4, 1, 2.—5.Personified as god of war ( = Janus):6.tabulas duas quae Belli faciem pictam habent,
Plin. 35, 4, 10, § 27:sunt geminae Belli portae, etc.,
Verg. A. 7, 607:mortiferumque averso in limine Bellum,
id. ib. 6, 279.—Plur.: bella, army ( poet.):7.permanet Aonius Nereus violentus in undis, Bellaque non transfert (i.e. Graecorum exercitum),
Ov. M. 12, 24:sed victae fera bella deae vexere per aequora,
Sil. 7, 472:quid faciat bellis obsessus et undis?
Stat. Th. 9, 490.—Battle, = proelium:8.rorarii dicti a rore: qui bellum committebant ante,
Varr. L. L. 7, 3, 92:quod in bello saepius vindicatum in eos qui... tardius, revocati, bello excesserant,
Sall. C. 9, 4:praecipua laus ejus belli penes consules fuit,
Liv. 8, 10, 7:commisso statim bello,
Front. Strat. 1, 11, 2:Actia bella,
Verg. A. 8, 675:ingentem pugnam, ceu cetera nusquam Bella forent,
id. ib. 2, 439; cf. Flor. 3, 5, 11; Just. 2, 12; 18, 1 fin.; 24, 8; Hor. Ep. 2, 2, 98 (form duellum); Ov. H. 1, 1, 69; Verg. A. 8, 547; 12, 390; 12, 633; Stat. Th. 3, 666. —Bellum = liber de bello:quam gaudebat Bello suo Punico Naevius!
Cic. Sen. 14, 50. -
6 cremo
cremo, āvī, ātum, āre (viell. zu carbo), verbrennen, oft m. Abl. igni, incendio, flammis u. dgl., a) übh.: α) v. Feuer, cremantia fulmina, Plin. – u. teils m. sächl. Objj., ut (wie) rapax ignis innumeras trabes cremat, Ov., ignis ubi ingentes silvas ardore cremarat montibus in altis, Lucr.: im Passiv, omnem ornatum flammā crepitante cremari, Verg.: quae (spinosae herbae) leni tepore cremantur, Ov.: ardenti lucernae admotum digitum cremandum praebuit, Val. Max. – teils m. pers. Objj., num incensa cremavit Troia viros? Verg.: incensa super (über ihnen) villa omnes cremavit, Tac. – β) v. Menschen, teils m. sächl. Objj., cr. vetera arma, Curt.: frontem positasque faenilibus herbas, Ov.: libellos, Suet.: Graecos libros, Val. Max.: libros in comitio igne facto in conspectu populi, Liv.: naves, quae inutiles videntur, Curt.: purgamenta ceparum in cinerem, Plin.: robur (zB. cremati roboris cinis), Plin.: devecta sarmenta, Verg.: spolia de hostibus incendio, Curt.: tabulam (ein Gemälde), Plin.: interiorem tunicam, Val. Max. – teils mit pers. Objj., se ac liberos coniugesque incendio cr., Curt.: cremati cimices (als Heilmittel), Plin. – mit Prädik.-Acc., cr. alqm vivum, Curt. u. Val. Max.: vivos se cremari iubent, Curt.: Alcibiades vivus in cubiculo, in quo dormiebat, crematus est, Iustin.: cochleae vivae crematae, Plin.
b) v. Niederbrennen eines Gebäudes, einer Stadt usw., in Brand stecken, verbrennen, einäschern, cr. templum, Plin.: caelestia tecta, terras (v. Phaëthon), Ov.: urbem cr. et diruere, Liv.: cremata patria (v. Troja), Liv.: cremata Ilios, Hor. – facibus cr. regalia tecta, Ov.: Neronis principis incendia, quibus urbem cremaverat, Plin.: equites praemisit, ut... ignem, quo barbari cremaverant vicos, exstinguerent, Curt.
c) vom Verbrennen als Todesstrafe, damnatum poenam sequi oportebat, ut igni cremaretur, Caes.: m. ob u. Akk., Atellanae poëtam ob ambigui ioci versiculum mediā Amphitheatri arenā igni cremavit, Suet.
d) v. Verbrennen der Leiche u. anderer Gegenstände bei der Leichenfeier, α) v. Feuer: rogus iste cremet mea viscera, Ov.: des tua succensae membra cremanda pyrae, Ov.: qui scimus, an hāc flammā Cn. Pompeius cremetur? Val. Max.: alii ut eodem rogo cremarentur manserunt, Liv.: se super corpus fratris prostratum communibus flammis (rogi) cremandum tradidit, Val. Max. – β) v. Menschen: corpus alcis, Cic. u.a.: cadaver alcis, Suet.: mortuos cremare aut fodere, Mela: corpora condere (potius) quam cremare e more Aegyptio, Tac.: mortuorum corpora cremare potius quam terrā obruere, Iustin.: servos et clientes iustis funeribus confectis unā cr., Caes.: vestem, odores aliaque funerum sollemnia, Tac. – m. Ang. wo? lectum defuncti in Capitolini Iovis cella, Suet.: corpus interfectoris super reliquias mariti, Iustin. – m. Ang.womit? wodurch? aedificii incendio mortuum (Alcibiadem), Nep.: Sulla primus e patriciis Corneliis igni voluit cremari, Cic.: cr. caput (occisi Cn. Pompeii) plurimis et pretiosissimis odoribus, Val. Max.: corpora clarorum virorum certis lignis, Tac.: iuxta rogum sarmentis aliis nudus crematus est, Plin. – m. Ang. wie? zB. cr. alqm haud pretiose, Curt.: alqm honorate (zB. quo honoratius cremaretur, inici ei suum paludamentum iussit), Val. Max.: cr. corpus alcis publico funere, Suet.: alqm humili sepulturā, Cic.: cetera (corpora) nec numero nec honore, ungezählt und ohne Ehre, Verg. – m. Ang. mit wem? cum mortuis cremare ac defodere apta viventibus, Mela: cremari cum coniuge (Gatten), Val. Max.: unā cum liberis, coniugibus cunctāque gazā regiā cremari, Auct. b. Afr.
e) v. Verbrennen des Opfers, cr. igni vitulos, Ov.: caesarum boum fibras de more cr., Ov.: congesta cr. turea dona, dapes, fuso crateres olivo, Verg. – m. Dat. (wem? = wem zu Ehren?), spolia hostium coniecta in acervum Iovi Victori cremavit, Liv.: postero die arma lecta conici in acervum iussit, sacrumque id Vulcano cremavit, Liv. – / Parag. Infin. cremarier, *Enn. scen. 291 Bothe (Vahlen2 cremitari).
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7 decurro
dē-curro, currī u. (selten) cucurrī, cursum, ere, von einem höhern od. obern Punkte nach einem niedern od. untern Punkte herab- (od. herunter- od. hinab-) laufen, -rennen (-stürmen), -eilen, hinlaufen, -rennen, -eilen, u. Passiv decurritur unpers. = man läuft (rennt) herab usw., I) eig., m. de od. ab u. Abl. od. m. bl. Abl. von wo? de tribunali, Liv.: summa ab arce, Verg.: ab agro Lanuvino (v. einer Wölfin), Hor.: clivo Capitolino (v. Pers.), Vell.: iugis (v. Ziegen), Verg.: cito (Adv.) tramite, herabschweben (v. der Isis), Verg. – m. Adv. wohin? sursum deorsum cum sono haedi (v. einem Käfer), Plin.: od. m. Acc. loc. wohin? decurro rus (ich mache einen Ausflug aufs Land), Cic.: od. m. ad u. Akk. wohin? pauci armati, maior pars inermes ad mare decurrunt, Liv.: dec. ad hamum (v. Fische), Ov.: notis itineribus (auf b. W.) ad naves, Caes.: Baccharum habitu crinibus sparsis cum ardentibus facibus ad Tiberim (v. röm. Matronen), Liv. – m. per od. super od. inter u. Akk., cerva fugiens lupum e montibus exacta per campos inter duas acies decurrit, Liv.: eques Romanus elephanto supersedens per catadromum decucurrit, lief auf dem schräg gespannten Seil herab, Suet.: u. (im Bilde) dec. per vestigia paternae virtutis, in die F. der vät. T. treten, Iustin.: pedibus siccis super aequora, einherwallen, Ov. – m. ad u. Akk. des Zweckes, Caesar ad cohortandos milites, quam in partem fors obtulit, decucurrit, Caes. b. G. 2, 21, 1.
So nun bes.: a) als milit. t. t., nach einem niederen Punkte eine Evolution machen, sowohl α) zur Übung od. zu einer Feier, manövrieren, defilieren, einen Waffenlauf halten (s. Fabri Liv. 23, 35, 6), simulacrum decurrentis exercitus, Liv.: miles sine gladio decurrens, Quint.: pedites ordinatos instruendo et decurrendo signa sequi et servare ordines docuit, Liv.: crebro milites decurrere cogebat, Liv.: primo die legiones in armis quattuor milium spatio decurrerunt, Liv.: quinto die iterum in armis decursum est, Liv. – zu einer Feier (bes. zu einer Totenfeier), mos erat lustrationis sacro peracto decurrere exercitum, Liv.: armatum exercitum decurrisse cum tripudiis Hispanorum motibusque armorum et corporum suae cuique genti assuetis, Liv.: ter circa accensos cincti fulgentibus armis decurrēre rogos, Verg.: circa quem (honorarium tumulum) deinceps stato die quotannis miles decurreret, Suet.: honori patris princeps ipse cum legionibus decucurrit, Tac. – β) feindl. herabstürmen, im eiligen Lauf herabrücken, -sich herabziehen, decurrunt omnes, Frontin.: barbari catervis (in Schwadronen) decurrentes, Tac. – m. Advv. od. m. ab od. ex u. Abl. od. m. bl. Abl. von wo herab? inde dec. ab arce, Liv.: ex superiore loco, Liv.; u. bl. loco superiore, Hirt. b. G.: ex omnibus partibus, Caes.: ex arce Capitolioque clivo Publicio in equis, aus der B. usw. am publ. H. herabsprengen, Liv. – m. in od. ad u. Akk. wohin? od. gegen wen? in eum locum, Auct. b. Alex.: ad flumen, Caes.: ad conspecta procul a Cremera pecora, Liv.: ex montibus in vallem, Caes.: in hostes, Quint.: ex colle in terga hostium, Frontin.: ex Capitolio in hostem, Liv. – m. pro u. Abl. wo? pro fronte aciei, Frontin. 2, 2, 12.
b) v. Herablaufen, -rennen auf einer bestimmten Bahn (Rennbahn usw.), iam quadrigae meae decucurrerunt, ex quo podagricus factus sum (sprichw. wie unser »bei mir ist Spiel u. Tanz vorbei« = mein früherer Frohsinn ist dahin), Petron. 64, 3. – m. in u. Abl. wo? in spatio (Rennbahn), v. Pferden, Nep.: in spatio trium milium (sc. passuum) equo (zu Pf.) od. curru biiugo (auf einem Zweigespann), Aur. Vict.: in extremis spatiis subsultim dec., in kleinen Sprüngen einherhüpfen, Suet. – m. ad u. Akk., nunc video calcem, ad quam cum sit decursum, nihil sit praeterea extimescendum (im Bilde), Cic. Tusc. 1, 15. – m. extra u. Akk., ne extra calcem, quod dicitur, sermo decurrens (übel das Ziel hinausschießend) lecturo fastidium ferat, ad explicanda prospecta revertamur, Amm. 21, 1, 14. – m. Acc. u. beim Passiv m. Nom. der Bahn, quasi decurso spatio ad carceres a calce revocari (im Bilde), Cic. de sen. 83: u. so im Bilde dec. aetatis od. vitae spatium, Plaut. u. Ov.: spatium amoris, Lucr.: decursā novissimā metā, ist das letzte Ziel im Wettlauf erreicht, Ov.: exorto iubare, noctis decurso itinere, Pacuv. tr. 347.
c) v. der Schiffahrt, herab od. hinabfahren (-segeln), hinfahren, wohin (wo) einlaufen, uti naves, quae frumentum Tiberi subvectassent, onustae rudere decurrerent, hinab-, stromabwärts fahren sollten, Tac.: ego puto te bellissime cum quaestore Mescinio decursurum, hinüberfahren (von Griechenland nach Italien), Cic. – dec. celeri cymbā, Ov.: pelago aperto, Verg.: tuto mari, auf sicherem Meere dem Ziele zusteuern (im Bilde), Ov. – eo (dahin) classis decurrit, Liv.: nullum portum terrae Africae, quo (wohin) classes decurrerent, pro certo tutum ab hostium praesidio fore suspicabatur, Auct. b. Afr.: naves longae LV Carthaginiensium cum Bomilcare classis praefecto in magnum portum Syracusas ex alto decurrēre, Liv. – m. Acc. (welche Bahn?), vada salsa citā puppi, Catull. 64, 6.
d) v. Laufe einer Flüssigkeit, α) des Wassers, bes. eines Flusses, herab- od. hinablaufen (-rinnen, -strömen), hinlaufen (-rinnen, -strömen), Tanais incitatus semper decurrit, Mela: Baetis uno amne decurrit, Mela: lenius aut modico strepitu (v. einem Gießbache), Ov. – m. ab od. ex u. Abl. od. m. bl. Abl. von wo? e summo monte (v. einem Flusse), Stat.: monte decurrens velut amnis, Hor.: m. in od. ad u. Akk. wohin? rivi decurrentes in prata et hortos et salicta, Col.: dec. pluribus ostiis (in m. M.) in mare (v. einem Flusse), Liv.: in diversa (v. einem Flusse), Mela: a te decurrit ad meos haustus liquor, Phaedr.: quidam salubri temperamento ad nos quoque velut rivi ex benignissimo fonte decurrunt (im Bilde), Plin. ep. – m. Advv. od. m. per od. inter u. Akk. od. m. bl. Abl. auf welchem Wege od. wo? quā (wo) omisso alveo Euphrates decurrit, Frontin.: per saxa (v. einer Quelle), Plin. ep.: inter Elaeam et Pitanen (v. einem Flusse), Mela: saxosas inter valles (v. einem Flusse), Verg.: inter oppida (v. einem Flusse), Plin. – m. Abl. wo? mediā urbe (v. einem Flusse), Liv. – β) v. Flüssigkeiten des Körpers, herabrinnen, -fließen, multa pituita decurrit, Cels. – m. in u. Akk., pituita in oculos decurrens, Cels.
e) v. der Sonne u.a. Gestirnen, quā (wo) sol decurrit meridies (nuncupatur), ab adversa parte septentrio, Mela 1. § 3: toto semper decurrere mundo, Manil. 1, 505 (512). – m. Acc. (welche Bahn?), seu celer (sol) hibernas properat decurrere luces, Tibull. 4, 1, 160.
f) v. Ländern u. Völkerschaften, der geogr. Lage nach sich herabziehen, laufen, a quibus (montibus) India tota decurrit in planitiem immensam, Plin.: Moesia ad Pontum usque cum Danuvio decurrens, Plin.: populi cum Indo flumine decurrentes, Plin.: gens Isaurica decurrit ad mare, Plin.
g) v. Ggstdn., die rasch über eine Fläche herabgleiten, rasch dahingleiten, est usus quidam irrationalis, quem Graeci ἄλογον τριβήν (regellose Routine) vocant, quā manus in scribendo decurrit, Quint. 10, 7, 11; vgl. decurrere per materiam stilo quam velocissimo volunt, mit möglichst rascher Feder über den Stoff hinwegeilen, Quint. 10, 3, 17.
II) übtr., m. ad od. in u. Akk., quin proclivius hic iras decurrat ad acres, Lucr. 3, 311: posse haec liquefacta calore quamlibet in formam et faciem decurrere rerum, Lucr. 5, 1260 sq. So nun bes.: a) zu etw. übergehen, schreiten, bes. als Auskunftsmittel, zu etw. od. jmd. seine Zuflucht nehmen, die und die Auskunft treffen, α) zu etw., m. Advv. od. m. ad u. Akk., omnium eo sententiae decurrerunt, ut pax, si posset, aequis, si minus, tolerandis condicionibus peteretur, Liv.: postremum eo decursum est, ut populus proconsuli creando in Hispaniam comitia haberet, Liv.: ideo se non illuc decurrere, quod promptum rescriptu, Tac.: decurritur ad leniorem verbis sententiam, vim tamen eandem habentem, Liv.: dec. ad istam cohortationem, Cic.: ad medicamenta, Cels.: ad tacita suffragia quasi ad remedium, Plin. ep.: alcis rei taedio ad mortem irrevocabili constantiā, Plin. ep.: ad oraculum, Iustin.: ad miseras preces, Hor.: ad duo ultima auxilia, summum imperium summumque ad civem, Liv.: decurritur ad illud extremum atque ultimum senatus consultum ›dent operam consules etc.‹, Caes. – β) zu einer Pers., m. ad u. Akk., dec. ad Philotam, Curt. 7, 1 (4), 28: ad Alexandri exercitum, Iustin. 14, 2, 6: ad Ptolemaeum hostem, Iustin. 27, 3, 9: ad regem Macedoniae Demetrium, Iustin. 28, 1, 2: ad consulendum te, Plin. ep. 10, 96 (97).
b) in der Rede, Darstellung fortschreiten, sich fortbewegen, sed mox plura de hoc, cum membratim historia decurret, Plin.: quibus generibus per totas quaestiones decurrimus, Quint.: in hac (rerum repetitione) decurrendum per capita, Quint. – bes. v. der rhythmischen Bewegung des Verses, versus semper similis est sibi et unā ratione decurrit, Quint.: rhythmi, quā coeperunt sublatione ac positione, ad finem usque decurrunt, Quint.
c) in der Zeit fortlaufen, origo domini decurrens ab Abraham usque ad Mariam, Tert. de carne Chr. 20.
d) etw. wie eine Bahn ablaufen, durchlaufen, durchmachen, α) übh.: inceptum unā decurre laborem, Verg.: rursus mihi videor omnium (alles dessen = aller Ehren), quae decucurri, candidatus, Plin. ep. – β) eine Zeit (vgl. oben no. I, b a. E.): decurso iam gravissimo tempore, Cels.: prope actā iam aetate decursāque, Cic.: decurso lumine vitae, Lucr.: talem (qualem) vitam, Prop.: tristem vitam, Phaedr.: decursam vitam resignasse, Lact. – γ) einen Ggstd. der Rede = abhandeln, ista, quae abs te breviter de arte decursa sunt, audire cupimus, Cic. de or. 1, 148: equos pugnasque virûm decurrere versu, besingen, Stat. silv. 5, 3, 149: sed prius emenso Titan versetur Olympo, quam mea tot laudes decurrere carmina possint, Auct. pan. in Pis. 197 (209) sq. – / Über die Perf.-Form decucurri s. Neue-Wagener Formenl.3. Bd. 3 S. 360 u. 361.
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8 via
vĭa, vĭae, f. ( arch. vĕa ou vĕha, ae) - arch. gén. sing. vias, viāï --- dat. abl. plur. vieis. [st1]1 [-] route, chemin, voie, endroit par où l'on passe, passage, rue. - munire viam: ouvrir, construire une route. - via Appia: la voie Appia. - via Sacra: la voie Sacrée. [st1]2 [-] parcours, marche, trajet, voyage, chemin parcouru. - se dare in viam: se mettre en route. - ingredi viam: prendre une route; qqf. se mettre en route. - ire viā: suivre la route, ne pas quitter la route. - inter vias: chemin faisant, en route. - de via languere, Cic.: être fatigué du voyage. - de via decedere: - [abcl]a - s'écarter de la route, s'égarer. - [abcl]b - au fig. s'écarter du droit chemin. - [abcl]c - céder le pas, laisser le passage. - decedere alicui de via, Cic. Plaut. ou decedere alicui viā, Suet. ou decedere alicui in via, Ter.: céder le pas à qqn, laisser le passage à qqn, se ranger devant qqn, laisser le haut du pavé à qqn. - mare et viae (viae ac mare): voyages par mer et par terre. - totā viā errare, Ter.: se tromper du tout au tout. - via tridui: trois jours de marche. - cum tridui viam processisset, nuntiatum est ei Ariovistum ad occupandum Vesontionem contendere, Caes. BG. 1: après trois jours de marche, on lui apprit qu’Arioviste se dirigeait vers Besançon pour s’en emparer. - rectā viā narrare, Ter.: raconter franchement. - qui sibi semitam non sapiunt, alteri monstrant viam, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1: ils ne savent pas se conduire eux-mêmes et veulent guider les autres. [st1]3 [-] tout passage: canal, conduit, rue (dans un camp), couloir (dans un théâtre); oesophage ou pharynx; larynx; fente, ouverture, issue. [st1]4 [-] voie, moyen, manière, méthode. - habeo certam viam atque rationem qua omnes illorum conatus investigare possim, Cic. Verr. 1: j'ai un moyen sûr, une méthode certaine qui me permettra de suivre à la piste toutes leurs entreprises. - ratione et viā, Cic. avec bon sens et méthode. - viā et arte dicere, Cic. Brut. 12: parler avec art et méthode. - viae fallendi, Tibul.: moyens de tromper. - via laudis: chemin qui mène à la gloire.* * *vĭa, vĭae, f. ( arch. vĕa ou vĕha, ae) - arch. gén. sing. vias, viāï --- dat. abl. plur. vieis. [st1]1 [-] route, chemin, voie, endroit par où l'on passe, passage, rue. - munire viam: ouvrir, construire une route. - via Appia: la voie Appia. - via Sacra: la voie Sacrée. [st1]2 [-] parcours, marche, trajet, voyage, chemin parcouru. - se dare in viam: se mettre en route. - ingredi viam: prendre une route; qqf. se mettre en route. - ire viā: suivre la route, ne pas quitter la route. - inter vias: chemin faisant, en route. - de via languere, Cic.: être fatigué du voyage. - de via decedere: - [abcl]a - s'écarter de la route, s'égarer. - [abcl]b - au fig. s'écarter du droit chemin. - [abcl]c - céder le pas, laisser le passage. - decedere alicui de via, Cic. Plaut. ou decedere alicui viā, Suet. ou decedere alicui in via, Ter.: céder le pas à qqn, laisser le passage à qqn, se ranger devant qqn, laisser le haut du pavé à qqn. - mare et viae (viae ac mare): voyages par mer et par terre. - totā viā errare, Ter.: se tromper du tout au tout. - via tridui: trois jours de marche. - cum tridui viam processisset, nuntiatum est ei Ariovistum ad occupandum Vesontionem contendere, Caes. BG. 1: après trois jours de marche, on lui apprit qu’Arioviste se dirigeait vers Besançon pour s’en emparer. - rectā viā narrare, Ter.: raconter franchement. - qui sibi semitam non sapiunt, alteri monstrant viam, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1: ils ne savent pas se conduire eux-mêmes et veulent guider les autres. [st1]3 [-] tout passage: canal, conduit, rue (dans un camp), couloir (dans un théâtre); oesophage ou pharynx; larynx; fente, ouverture, issue. [st1]4 [-] voie, moyen, manière, méthode. - habeo certam viam atque rationem qua omnes illorum conatus investigare possim, Cic. Verr. 1: j'ai un moyen sûr, une méthode certaine qui me permettra de suivre à la piste toutes leurs entreprises. - ratione et viā, Cic. avec bon sens et méthode. - viā et arte dicere, Cic. Brut. 12: parler avec art et méthode. - viae fallendi, Tibul.: moyens de tromper. - via laudis: chemin qui mène à la gloire.* * *Via, viae. Voye, Chemin ou rue.\Angusta viarium. Virgil. Destroicts de rues, Rues estroictes.\Impatiens viae. Ouid. Qui ne peult endurer le travail du chemin.\Opaca viarum. Virgil. Chemins obscurs.\Strata viarum. Virgil. Les pavez des rues.\Viae vrbis. Cic. Les rues de la ville.\Tres viae sunt ad Mutinam: a supero mari Flaminia, ab infero Aurelia, media Cassia. Cic. Il y a trois chemins.\Maris tuta via. Ouid. Le chemin par mer.\Via. Cic. Le cheminer.\Quum de via languerem. Cic. A cause du chemin.\Video quot dierum via sit. Cic. Combien il fault de journees pour faire ce chemin, Combien il y a de journees.\Aliquorum dierum viam in Macedoniam, ad Planciumque perrexi. Cic. J'ay marché avant dedens le pays de Macedonie quelques journees.\Via, per translationem. Cic. Maniere, Moyen.\Siqua via est. Virgil. S'il y a quelque moyen.\Via et arte dicere. Cic. Par art.\Viam litigandi tradere. Cic. Enseigner à plaider.\Morum via. Stat. Reigle et exemple de bonnes meurs.\Via ad gloriam proxima. Cic. Le plus brief et court moyen de parvenir à gloire.\AEstuosa et puluerulenta via. Cicero. Un chemin chauld et pouldreux.\Breuis. Virgil. Court chemin.\Deteriorem viam facere. Vlpian. Empirer le chemin.\Deterrima via. Cic. Tresmauvais chemin.\Facilis via. Virgil. Chemin aisé.\Siquis cloacam in publicam viam immitteret, exque ea re minus habilis via per cloacam fieret, teneri eum Labeo scribit. Vlpian. Moins commode.\Implicitae viae errore. Lucan. Chemins esquels y a beaucoup de destours et d'autres chemins traversants, qui font errer et fourvoyer les passants.\Inuia. Virgil. Par où on ne peult passer.\Liquidae viae. Lucret. Chemin par mer ou riviere.\Lubrica via plagae. Stat. L'ouverture d'une playe encore sanglante et fraischement faicte.\Militaris via. Cic. Le grand chemin à pied et à cheval.\Mollis. Seneca. Chemin aisé.\Prima via. Plautus, - dummodo nunc prima via Inducamus, vera vt esse credat, quae mentibimur. Tout du premier coup, Tout premierement.\Publica. Vlpianus. Chemin commun et passant.\Simplex via mortis. Virgil. Un seul moyen de mourir.\Subita via. Ouid. Departement soubdain, Allee soubdaine.\Terrena. Vlpian. Chemin qui n'est point pavé.\Trita. Cic. Chemin frayé, Chemin batu.\Velatae viae. Ouid. Rues tendues et couvertes, comme à la feste Dieu.\Vicinales viae. Paulus iuriscons. Chemins publiques qui sortent parmi les terres, et se vont rendre aux villages.\Accipere viam. Quintil. Prendre et tenir le chemin qu'on nous baille et monstre.\Aggredi alia via. Terent. Par autre voye et moyen.\Occultas vias agere. Virgil. Faire voye soubz terre.\Errore viae actus. Virgil. Fourvoyé, Desvoyé.\Aperire viam. Vlpian. Remettre le chemin en sa premiere largeur.\Aperit viam vis. Virgil. Force se fait faire voye.\Calcanda omnibus via lethi. Horat. Touts sont subjects à mourir, Touts passeront par, etc.\Carpere viam. Virgil. S'acheminer, Cheminer, S'avoyer.\Committere se viae. Cic. Se mettre en chemin.\Conficere viam. Cic. Cheminer son chemin, Accomplir son chemin.\Construere vias. Lucan. Faire un chemin ou passage.\Corripere viam. Virgil. S'acheminer, Se mettre vistement à chemin, S'avoyer.\Corrumpere viam publicam. Vlpianus. Gaster le grand chemin passant.\Indociles vias currit lympha. Propert. Qu'on ne luy a point enseigné ne monstré.\Decedere de via. Cicero. Se destourner du chemin, Se desvoyer, Se destordre.\Deerrantes via equi. Seneca. Se desvoyants.\Depelli recta via. Quintil. Estre desvoyé.\Dare viam alicui perfundum suum. Cic. Luy donner passage.\Siqua viam dederit fortuna. Virgil. Si fortune nous donne les moyens.\Dat aura viam. Ouid. Quand on ha vent à gré sur mer.\Nullas dant vias nobis ad significationum scientiam. Cicero. Ils ne nous ouvrent point le chemin.\In viam dare se, vel Committere se viae. Cic. Se mettre en chemin, S'avoyer, S'acheminer.\Ire viam. Virgil. Aller.\Ire atque redire viam. Virgil. Aller et revenir.\Errare via. Virgil. Se fourvoyer, Se tordre, ou destordre.\Tota via errare. Terent. Errer totalement, Se fourvoyer du tout.\Euadere viam. Virgilius. Eschapper hors du mauvais chemin et dangereux.\Excedere nota regione viarum. Virgil. Preceder ses compaignons par rues et chemins qu'on congnoist.\Exigere viam dicuntur Magistratus. Asconius. Quand ils contraignent chascun de faire paver devant sa maison.\Hinc via Tartarei quae fert Acherontis ad vndas. Virgil. Qui meine, etc.\Veterem et obsoletam viam ingressi sunt. Liu. Ce n'est pas chose nouvelle, Ce n'est rien de nouveau, On ha assez ouy parler de semblables faicts. B.\Insistere viam agendi aliquid. Virgil. Instituer ou commencer et exercer l'art et maniere de faire quelque chose.\Inuenire viam. Virgil. Trouver moyen d'eschapper.\Noscere omnes vias pecuniae. Cic. Congnoistre touts les moyens d'avoir argent.\Pergere viam. Cic. Marcher avant.\Omnes vias persequar, quibus putabo ad id, quod volumus, perueniri posse. Cic. Je poursuyvray touts les moyens.\Praecipitare viam. Ouid. Haster fort son chemin, Courir.\Procedere viam. Cic. Marcher oultre.\Progredi viam. Cic. Avancer chemin.\Rapere viam aliquo. Sil. Courir.\Reduci alio flexu ad rectam viam. Quintil. Se radresser et remettre ou revenir au droict chemin.\Reficere viam. Vlpianus. Refaire et r'habiller.\Secare viam. Virgil. Cheminer.\Sequi viam aliquam in re aliqua. Cic. Suyvre une facon de faire.\Strauit viam per mare Xerxes. Lucret. A faict et estendu un pont de basteaux sur la mer pour passer son armee.\Sternere viam lapide. Vlpian. Paver.\In via esse. Cic. Estre en chemin.\Saltu viam superare. Virgil. Saulter par dessus.\Tenere vias omnes amoris. Plaut. Scavoir touts les tours.\Tentare viam. Virgil. Essayer le moyen.\Terere viam. Ouid. Cheminer, Frayer.\Tradere viam optimarum artium alicui. Cic. L'enseigner et l'adresser en la voye de bonnes sciences.\Venire viam multorum dierum. Cic. Cheminer plusieurs journees.\Vorare viam. Catul. Despescher chemin.\Vti via. Cic. Ne decliner ne ca ne là.\Via peruolgata patrum. Terent. Selon la coustume, ou à la maniere accoustumee des peres. -
9 cremo
cremo, āvī, ātum, āre (viell. zu carbo), verbrennen, oft m. Abl. igni, incendio, flammis u. dgl., a) übh.: α) v. Feuer, cremantia fulmina, Plin. – u. teils m. sächl. Objj., ut (wie) rapax ignis innumeras trabes cremat, Ov., ignis ubi ingentes silvas ardore cremarat montibus in altis, Lucr.: im Passiv, omnem ornatum flammā crepitante cremari, Verg.: quae (spinosae herbae) leni tepore cremantur, Ov.: ardenti lucernae admotum digitum cremandum praebuit, Val. Max. – teils m. pers. Objj., num incensa cremavit Troia viros? Verg.: incensa super (über ihnen) villa omnes cremavit, Tac. – β) v. Menschen, teils m. sächl. Objj., cr. vetera arma, Curt.: frontem positasque faenilibus herbas, Ov.: libellos, Suet.: Graecos libros, Val. Max.: libros in comitio igne facto in conspectu populi, Liv.: naves, quae inutiles videntur, Curt.: purgamenta ceparum in cinerem, Plin.: robur (zB. cremati roboris cinis), Plin.: devecta sarmenta, Verg.: spolia de hostibus incendio, Curt.: tabulam (ein Gemälde), Plin.: interiorem tunicam, Val. Max. – teils mit pers. Objj., se ac liberos coniugesque incendio cr., Curt.: cremati cimices (als Heilmittel), Plin. – mit Prädik.-Acc., cr. alqm vivum, Curt. u. Val. Max.: vivos se cremari iubent, Curt.: Alcibiades vivus in cubiculo, in quo dormiebat, crematus est, Iustin.: cochleae vivae crematae, Plin.b) v. Niederbrennen eines Gebäudes, einer Stadt————usw., in Brand stecken, verbrennen, einäschern, cr. templum, Plin.: caelestia tecta, terras (v. Phaëthon), Ov.: urbem cr. et diruere, Liv.: cremata patria (v. Troja), Liv.: cremata Ilios, Hor. – facibus cr. regalia tecta, Ov.: Neronis principis incendia, quibus urbem cremaverat, Plin.: equites praemisit, ut... ignem, quo barbari cremaverant vicos, exstinguerent, Curt.c) vom Verbrennen als Todesstrafe, damnatum poenam sequi oportebat, ut igni cremaretur, Caes.: m. ob u. Akk., Atellanae poëtam ob ambigui ioci versiculum mediā Amphitheatri arenā igni cremavit, Suet.d) v. Verbrennen der Leiche u. anderer Gegenstände bei der Leichenfeier, α) v. Feuer: rogus iste cremet mea viscera, Ov.: des tua succensae membra cremanda pyrae, Ov.: qui scimus, an hāc flammā Cn. Pompeius cremetur? Val. Max.: alii ut eodem rogo cremarentur manserunt, Liv.: se super corpus fratris prostratum communibus flammis (rogi) cremandum tradidit, Val. Max. – β) v. Menschen: corpus alcis, Cic. u.a.: cadaver alcis, Suet.: mortuos cremare aut fodere, Mela: corpora condere (potius) quam cremare e more Aegyptio, Tac.: mortuorum corpora cremare potius quam terrā obruere, Iustin.: servos et clientes iustis funeribus confectis unā cr., Caes.: vestem, odores aliaque funerum sollemnia, Tac. – m. Ang. wo? lectum defuncti in Capitolini Iovis cella, Suet.: corpus interfectoris super reliquias mariti, Iustin. – m. Ang.————womit? wodurch? aedificii incendio mortuum (Alcibiadem), Nep.: Sulla primus e patriciis Corneliis igni voluit cremari, Cic.: cr. caput (occisi Cn. Pompeii) plurimis et pretiosissimis odoribus, Val. Max.: corpora clarorum virorum certis lignis, Tac.: iuxta rogum sarmentis aliis nudus crematus est, Plin. – m. Ang. wie? zB. cr. alqm haud pretiose, Curt.: alqm honorate (zB. quo honoratius cremaretur, inici ei suum paludamentum iussit), Val. Max.: cr. corpus alcis publico funere, Suet.: alqm humili sepulturā, Cic.: cetera (corpora) nec numero nec honore, ungezählt und ohne Ehre, Verg. – m. Ang. mit wem? cum mortuis cremare ac defodere apta viventibus, Mela: cremari cum coniuge (Gatten), Val. Max.: unā cum liberis, coniugibus cunctāque gazā regiā cremari, Auct. b. Afr.e) v. Verbrennen des Opfers, cr. igni vitulos, Ov.: caesarum boum fibras de more cr., Ov.: congesta cr. turea dona, dapes, fuso crateres olivo, Verg. – m. Dat. (wem? = wem zu Ehren?), spolia hostium coniecta in acervum Iovi Victori cremavit, Liv.: postero die arma lecta conici in acervum iussit, sacrumque id Vulcano cremavit, Liv. – ⇒ Parag. Infin. cremarier, *Enn. scen. 291 Bothe (Vahlen2 cremitari). -
10 decurro
dē-curro, currī u. (selten) cucurrī, cursum, ere, von einem höhern od. obern Punkte nach einem niedern od. untern Punkte herab- (od. herunter- od. hinab-) laufen, -rennen (-stürmen), -eilen, hinlaufen, -rennen, -eilen, u. Passiv decurritur unpers. = man läuft (rennt) herab usw., I) eig., m. de od. ab u. Abl. od. m. bl. Abl. von wo? de tribunali, Liv.: summa ab arce, Verg.: ab agro Lanuvino (v. einer Wölfin), Hor.: clivo Capitolino (v. Pers.), Vell.: iugis (v. Ziegen), Verg.: cito (Adv.) tramite, herabschweben (v. der Isis), Verg. – m. Adv. wohin? sursum deorsum cum sono haedi (v. einem Käfer), Plin.: od. m. Acc. loc. wohin? decurro rus (ich mache einen Ausflug aufs Land), Cic.: od. m. ad u. Akk. wohin? pauci armati, maior pars inermes ad mare decurrunt, Liv.: dec. ad hamum (v. Fische), Ov.: notis itineribus (auf b. W.) ad naves, Caes.: Baccharum habitu crinibus sparsis cum ardentibus facibus ad Tiberim (v. röm. Matronen), Liv. – m. per od. super od. inter u. Akk., cerva fugiens lupum e montibus exacta per campos inter duas acies decurrit, Liv.: eques Romanus elephanto supersedens per catadromum decucurrit, lief auf dem schräg gespannten Seil herab, Suet.: u. (im Bilde) dec. per vestigia paternae virtutis, in die F. der vät. T. treten, Iustin.: pedibus siccis super aequora, einherwallen, Ov. – m. ad u. Akk. des Zweckes, Caesar ad————cohortandos milites, quam in partem fors obtulit, decucurrit, Caes. b. G. 2, 21, 1.So nun bes.: a) als milit. t. t., nach einem niederen Punkte eine Evolution machen, sowohl α) zur Übung od. zu einer Feier, manövrieren, defilieren, einen Waffenlauf halten (s. Fabri Liv. 23, 35, 6), simulacrum decurrentis exercitus, Liv.: miles sine gladio decurrens, Quint.: pedites ordinatos instruendo et decurrendo signa sequi et servare ordines docuit, Liv.: crebro milites decurrere cogebat, Liv.: primo die legiones in armis quattuor milium spatio decurrerunt, Liv.: quinto die iterum in armis decursum est, Liv. – zu einer Feier (bes. zu einer Totenfeier), mos erat lustrationis sacro peracto decurrere exercitum, Liv.: armatum exercitum decurrisse cum tripudiis Hispanorum motibusque armorum et corporum suae cuique genti assuetis, Liv.: ter circa accensos cincti fulgentibus armis decurrēre rogos, Verg.: circa quem (honorarium tumulum) deinceps stato die quotannis miles decurreret, Suet.: honori patris princeps ipse cum legionibus decucurrit, Tac. – β) feindl. herabstürmen, im eiligen Lauf herabrücken, -sich herabziehen, decurrunt omnes, Frontin.: barbari catervis (in Schwadronen) decurrentes, Tac. – m. Advv. od. m. ab od. ex u. Abl. od. m. bl. Abl. von wo herab? inde dec. ab arce, Liv.: ex superiore loco, Liv.; u. bl. loco superiore, Hirt. b. G.: ex omnibus partibus, Caes.: ex arce Capi-————tolioque clivo Publicio in equis, aus der B. usw. am publ. H. herabsprengen, Liv. – m. in od. ad u. Akk. wohin? od. gegen wen? in eum locum, Auct. b. Alex.: ad flumen, Caes.: ad conspecta procul a Cremera pecora, Liv.: ex montibus in vallem, Caes.: in hostes, Quint.: ex colle in terga hostium, Frontin.: ex Capitolio in hostem, Liv. – m. pro u. Abl. wo? pro fronte aciei, Frontin. 2, 2, 12.b) v. Herablaufen, -rennen auf einer bestimmten Bahn (Rennbahn usw.), iam quadrigae meae decucurrerunt, ex quo podagricus factus sum (sprichw. wie unser »bei mir ist Spiel u. Tanz vorbei« = mein früherer Frohsinn ist dahin), Petron. 64, 3. – m. in u. Abl. wo? in spatio (Rennbahn), v. Pferden, Nep.: in spatio trium milium (sc. passuum) equo (zu Pf.) od. curru biiugo (auf einem Zweigespann), Aur. Vict.: in extremis spatiis subsultim dec., in kleinen Sprüngen einherhüpfen, Suet. – m. ad u. Akk., nunc video calcem, ad quam cum sit decursum, nihil sit praeterea extimescendum (im Bilde), Cic. Tusc. 1, 15. – m. extra u. Akk., ne extra calcem, quod dicitur, sermo decurrens (übel das Ziel hinausschießend) lecturo fastidium ferat, ad explicanda prospecta revertamur, Amm. 21, 1, 14. – m. Acc. u. beim Passiv m. Nom. der Bahn, quasi decurso spatio ad carceres a calce revocari (im Bilde), Cic. de sen. 83: u. so im Bilde dec. aetatis od. vitae spatium, Plaut. u. Ov.: spatium amo-————ris, Lucr.: decursā novissimā metā, ist das letzte Ziel im Wettlauf erreicht, Ov.: exorto iubare, noctis decurso itinere, Pacuv. tr. 347.c) v. der Schiffahrt, herab od. hinabfahren (-segeln), hinfahren, wohin (wo) einlaufen, uti naves, quae frumentum Tiberi subvectassent, onustae rudere decurrerent, hinab-, stromabwärts fahren sollten, Tac.: ego puto te bellissime cum quaestore Mescinio decursurum, hinüberfahren (von Griechenland nach Italien), Cic. – dec. celeri cymbā, Ov.: pelago aperto, Verg.: tuto mari, auf sicherem Meere dem Ziele zusteuern (im Bilde), Ov. – eo (dahin) classis decurrit, Liv.: nullum portum terrae Africae, quo (wohin) classes decurrerent, pro certo tutum ab hostium praesidio fore suspicabatur, Auct. b. Afr.: naves longae LV Carthaginiensium cum Bomilcare classis praefecto in magnum portum Syracusas ex alto decurrēre, Liv. – m. Acc. (welche Bahn?), vada salsa citā puppi, Catull. 64, 6.d) v. Laufe einer Flüssigkeit, α) des Wassers, bes. eines Flusses, herab- od. hinablaufen (-rinnen, - strömen), hinlaufen (-rinnen, -strömen), Tanais incitatus semper decurrit, Mela: Baetis uno amne decurrit, Mela: lenius aut modico strepitu (v. einem Gießbache), Ov. – m. ab od. ex u. Abl. od. m. bl. Abl. von wo? e summo monte (v. einem Flusse), Stat.: monte decurrens velut amnis, Hor.: m. in od. ad u.————Akk. wohin? rivi decurrentes in prata et hortos et salicta, Col.: dec. pluribus ostiis (in m. M.) in mare (v. einem Flusse), Liv.: in diversa (v. einem Flusse), Mela: a te decurrit ad meos haustus liquor, Phaedr.: quidam salubri temperamento ad nos quoque velut rivi ex benignissimo fonte decurrunt (im Bilde), Plin. ep. – m. Advv. od. m. per od. inter u. Akk. od. m. bl. Abl. auf welchem Wege od. wo? quā (wo) omisso alveo Euphrates decurrit, Frontin.: per saxa (v. einer Quelle), Plin. ep.: inter Elaeam et Pitanen (v. einem Flusse), Mela: saxosas inter valles (v. einem Flusse), Verg.: inter oppida (v. einem Flusse), Plin. – m. Abl. wo? mediā urbe (v. einem Flusse), Liv. – β) v. Flüssigkeiten des Körpers, herabrinnen, -fließen, multa pituita decurrit, Cels. – m. in u. Akk., pituita in oculos decurrens, Cels.e) v. der Sonne u.a. Gestirnen, quā (wo) sol decurrit meridies (nuncupatur), ab adversa parte septentrio, Mela 1. § 3: toto semper decurrere mundo, Manil. 1, 505 (512). – m. Acc. (welche Bahn?), seu celer (sol) hibernas properat decurrere luces, Tibull. 4, 1, 160.f) v. Ländern u. Völkerschaften, der geogr. Lage nach sich herabziehen, laufen, a quibus (montibus) India tota decurrit in planitiem immensam, Plin.: Moesia ad Pontum usque cum Danuvio decurrens, Plin.: populi cum Indo flumine decurrentes, Plin.: gens Isaurica decurrit ad mare, Plin.————g) v. Ggstdn., die rasch über eine Fläche herabgleiten, rasch dahingleiten, est usus quidam irrationalis, quem Graeci ἄλογον τριβήν (regellose Routine) vocant, quā manus in scribendo decurrit, Quint. 10, 7, 11; vgl. decurrere per materiam stilo quam velocissimo volunt, mit möglichst rascher Feder über den Stoff hinwegeilen, Quint. 10, 3, 17.II) übtr., m. ad od. in u. Akk., quin proclivius hic iras decurrat ad acres, Lucr. 3, 311: posse haec liquefacta calore quamlibet in formam et faciem decurrere rerum, Lucr. 5, 1260 sq. So nun bes.: a) zu etw. übergehen, schreiten, bes. als Auskunftsmittel, zu etw. od. jmd. seine Zuflucht nehmen, die und die Auskunft treffen, α) zu etw., m. Advv. od. m. ad u. Akk., omnium eo sententiae decurrerunt, ut pax, si posset, aequis, si minus, tolerandis condicionibus peteretur, Liv.: postremum eo decursum est, ut populus proconsuli creando in Hispaniam comitia haberet, Liv.: ideo se non illuc decurrere, quod promptum rescriptu, Tac.: decurritur ad leniorem verbis sententiam, vim tamen eandem habentem, Liv.: dec. ad istam cohortationem, Cic.: ad medicamenta, Cels.: ad tacita suffragia quasi ad remedium, Plin. ep.: alcis rei taedio ad mortem irrevocabili constantiā, Plin. ep.: ad oraculum, Iustin.: ad miseras preces, Hor.: ad duo ultima auxilia, summum imperium summumque ad civem, Liv.: decurritur ad illud extremum atque ulti-————mum senatus consultum ›dent operam consules etc.‹, Caes. – β) zu einer Pers., m. ad u. Akk., dec. ad Philotam, Curt. 7, 1 (4), 28: ad Alexandri exercitum, Iustin. 14, 2, 6: ad Ptolemaeum hostem, Iustin. 27, 3, 9: ad regem Macedoniae Demetrium, Iustin. 28, 1, 2: ad consulendum te, Plin. ep. 10, 96 (97).b) in der Rede, Darstellung fortschreiten, sich fortbewegen, sed mox plura de hoc, cum membratim historia decurret, Plin.: quibus generibus per totas quaestiones decurrimus, Quint.: in hac (rerum repetitione) decurrendum per capita, Quint. – bes. v. der rhythmischen Bewegung des Verses, versus semper similis est sibi et unā ratione decurrit, Quint.: rhythmi, quā coeperunt sublatione ac positione, ad finem usque decurrunt, Quint.c) in der Zeit fortlaufen, origo domini decurrens ab Abraham usque ad Mariam, Tert. de carne Chr. 20.d) etw. wie eine Bahn ablaufen, durchlaufen, durchmachen, α) übh.: inceptum unā decurre laborem, Verg.: rursus mihi videor omnium (alles dessen = aller Ehren), quae decucurri, candidatus, Plin. ep. – β) eine Zeit (vgl. oben no. I, b a. E.): decurso iam gravissimo tempore, Cels.: prope actā iam aetate decursāque, Cic.: decurso lumine vitae, Lucr.: talem (qualem) vitam, Prop.: tristem vitam, Phaedr.: decursam vitam resignasse, Lact. – γ) einen Ggstd. der————Rede = abhandeln, ista, quae abs te breviter de arte decursa sunt, audire cupimus, Cic. de or. 1, 148: equos pugnasque virûm decurrere versu, besingen, Stat. silv. 5, 3, 149: sed prius emenso Titan versetur Olympo, quam mea tot laudes decurrere carmina possint, Auct. pan. in Pis. 197 (209) sq. – ⇒ Über die Perf.-Form decucurri s. Neue-Wagener Formenl.3. Bd. 3 S. 360 u. 361. -
11 invidia
invidia ae, f [invidus], envy, grudge, jealousy, ill-will, prejudice: invidiā abducti, Cs.: invidiam sequi, S.: virtus imitatione digna, non invidiā: Sine invidiā laudem invenire, ungrudgingly, T.: invidiā ducum perfidiāque militum Antigono est deditus, N.: nobilium, L.: invidia atque obtrectatio laudis suae, Cs.—Person., Envy, O.—Envy, ill-will, odium, unpopularity: gloriā invidiam vicisti, S.: ullā esse invidiā, to incur: mortis illius: res in invidiā erat, S.: habere, to be hated: in summam invidiam adducere: in eum... invidia quaesita est: Non erit invidiae victoria nostra ferendae, i. e. will bring me intolerable hate, O.: venire in invidiam, N.: cumulare invidiam, L.: invidiae nobis esse: pati, O.: intacta invidiā media sunt, L.: Ciceronis invidiam leniri, unpopularity, S.: absit invidia verbo, be it said without boasting, L.: vita remota a procellis invidiarum. —Fig., envy, an envious man: Invidia infelix metuet, etc., V.: invita fatebitur usque Invidia, etc., will reluctantly confess, H.— A cause of envy: aut invidiae aut pestilentiae possessores, i. e. of lands whether desirable or pestilential: summa invidiae eius, L.: Quae tandem Teucros considere... Invidiae est? i. e. why is it odious, etc., V.* * *hate/hatred/dislike; envy/jealousy/spite/ill will; use of words/acts to arouse -
12 via
via ae (old viāī, Enn. ap. C.), f [VAG-], a way, highway, road, path, street: Roma, non optimis viis: ire in viā, T.: omnibus viis notis essedarios emittebat, Cs.: via, quā Assoro itur Hennam: viā ire, by the highway, L.: tres ergo viae, a supero mari Flaminia, ab infero Aurelia, media Cassia: Via Sacra, H.: castra angustiis viarum contrahit, etc., i. e. of the passages (between the tents), Cs. —Prov.: qui sibi semitam non sapiunt alteri monstrant viam, Enn. ap. C.: totā errare viā, T.— A way, passage, channel, pipe, entrance: omnes eius (sanguinis) viae, i. e. veins: a medio intestino usque ad portas iecoris ductae viae, ducts: Spirandi viae, the windpipe, O.: Finditur in solidum cuneis via, a cleft, V.: harundo Signavit viam flammis, its path, V.—A way, march, journey: in viam se dare: tridui, a three days' journey, Cs.: longitudo viae, L.: Flecte viam velis, V.: lassus maris et viarum, H.: inter vias, on the road, T. —Fig., a way, method, mode, manner, fashion, course: ut rectā viā rem narret, i. e. directly, T.: vitae via conversa, H.: rectam vitae viam sequi: haec una via omnibus ad salutem visa est, L.: gloriae: (di) non... nullas dant vias nobis ad significationum scientiam.— Abl, by the right way, in the proper manner, correctly, unerringly, properly: in omnibus quae ratione docentur et viā, primum, etc.: ipsus secum eam rem reputavit viā, T.: viā et arte dicere.* * *way, road, street; journey -
13 contra
contrā, adv. and prep. [stem con, i. e. cum, through a comparative form conter; cf.: alter, uter, inter, praeter, etc.; in abl. fem. form like the locative adverbs ea, qua, etc.; cf.: ultra, intra, extra, citra], orig., in comparison with; hence, over against, fronting, in front, opposite, in opposition to, against, contrary to, opposed to, etc.I.Adv. (referring to an opposed object often with the force of a preposition with ellipsis of a pronoun, = against it, against him, etc.).A.Local.1.Lit., of position in front of a person, place, or thing.a.With verb of being or position expressed or understood.(α).Referring to living beings, opposite, in face of, face to face, facing, in front of, fronting, confronting (not in Cic., Caes., or Sall.):(β).feminam scelestam te, adstans contra, contuor,
Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 26:ut confidenter mihi contra adstitit,
id. Capt. 3, 5, 6; Lucr. 4, 223; 6, 929:signum contra, quoad longissume oculi ferebant, animo finivit,
Liv. 1, 18, 8:stat contra starique jubet,
Juv. 3, 290:stat contra dicitque tibi tua pagina Fures!
Mart. 1, 55, 12:ulmus erat contra,
in front of her, Ov. M. 14, 661:templa vides contra,
in front (of us), id. ib. 7, 587.—Of position in front of the enemy:contra conserta manu,
Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 3: contra consistere, to make front against them, Caes. B. G. 2, 17.—Referring to things and places, over against (it), opposite (to it), on the opposite side (mostly post-Aug.):b.contra jacet Cancer patulam distentus in alvum,
Manil. 2, 253:posita contra Hispania,
Tac. Agr. 11:promuntorium quod contra procedit,
Plin. 4, 2, 3, § 6: relinquendae autem contra erunt vacuae tabellae, on the opposite side, i. e. of the leaf, Quint. 10, 3, 32: illo quaerente cur non decidant contra siti, the antipodes (cf. Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; v. II. A. 1. c. a), Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 161.—With the governing verb understood:arguam hanc vidisse apud te contra conservum meum,
face to face, Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 91:jam omnia contra circaque hostium plena erant, Liv 5, 37, 8: eadem verba contra (i. e. ponuntur),
side by side, Quint. 9, 3, 36; Verg. A. 6, 23.—With verbs of motion, so as to be opposite to an object or face to face with a person, variously rendered.(α).Referring to persons:(β).accede ad me atque adi contra,
come right up to me, Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 23; id. Bacch. 3, 6, 6: hostes crebri cadunt; nostri contra ingruunt, advance to their front (in Plaut. hostility is not implied in contra), id. Am. 1, 1, 84: quis nos pater aut cognatu' volet contra tueri, face to face, eye to eye, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 12 Mull. (Trag. Rel. v. 444 Rib.); Att. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 55 (Trag. Rel. v. 538 ib.):adspicedum contra me = contra adspice me,
Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 56 Lorenz ad lec.:contra adspicere,
id. Mil. 2, 1, 45:contra intueri,
Liv. 1, 16, 6; 9, 6, 8; Sen. Q. N. 1, 3, 6:cum veniret contra Marcianus,
Quint. 6, 3, 95; Plin. 9, 46, 70, § 152.—Of things:2.hic ubi sol radiis... Adversa fulsit nimborum aspergine contra,
Lucr. 6, 525; Cels. 8, 8, 1:quam (turrim) promoti contra validi asseres... perfregere,
Tac. H. 4, 30.—Reciprocally: oscula non pervenientia contra, not coming through (the wall) so as to meet, Ov. M. 4, 80.—Transf. to equivalents of weight, value, and price; so,(α).In Plaut. only in the colloq. phrases auro contra, aurichalco contra, and contra auro (sc. posito); lit., for gold placed against; cf.:(β).aes contrarium, s. v. contrarius: (servus) non carus'st auro contra,
at his weight in gold, Plaut. Ep. 3, 3, 30: jam auro contra constat filius, id. Truc. 2, 6, 57 (Speng. aurichalco): auro contra cedo modestum amatorem! A me aurum accipe. Pa. Cedo mihi contra aurichalco quoi ego sano serviam, id. Curc. 1, 3, 45 sq.; id. Mil. 3, 1, 63; 4, 2, 85; id. Ps. 2, 3, 23.—In post-Aug. prose (very rare):3.at si aquae et ejus rei quam contra pensabis par pondus erit, nec pessum ibit, nec exstabit, etc.,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 5.—Of reciprocal actions, = vicissim, in turn, in return, back, on my, his, etc., part, likewise, counter-.(α).In gen.:(β).te ut deludam contra, lusorem meum,
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 71:quae me amat, quam ego contra amo,
id. Merc. 5. 2, 77; id. Cist. 1, 1, 96; id. Trin. 4, 2, 55; id. As. 2, 2, 110:qui arguat se, eum contra vincat jurejurando suo,
make a victorious counter-charge, id. Mil. 2, 2, 37:si laudabit haec Illius formam, tu hujus contra (i. e. lauda),
Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 54:audi nunc contra jam,
listen in turn, id. Phorm. 4, 4, 18; id. Ad. 5, 4, 23:at tu mihi contra nunc videre fortunatus, Phaedria, Cui, etc.,
you likewise seem fortunate to me, id. Phorm. 1, 3, 21:Mettius Tullo gratulatur, contra Tullus Mettium benigne alloquitur,
Liv. 1, 28, 1:contra ut me diligat illa,
Cat. 76. 23; Hor. S. 1, 3, 27 Orell. ad loc.—Hence, with ellipsis of inquit, = respondit:cui latrans contra senex,
Phaedr. 5, 10, 7:scietis, inquam, etc., contra Nigrinus: ad quem missi sunt? ego, etc.,
Plin. Ep. 7, 6, 4.—Rarely with inquit, etc., expressed: at ille contra, renidens, Audi, inquit, discipule, etc.,
Gell. 15, 9, 9; cf.:contra talia reddit,
Claud. B. Gild. 379.—With dat. pers.:(γ).consulo quem dolum doloso contra conservo parem,
Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 45:facere contra huic aegre,
Ter. Eun. 4, 1, 10:hiscine contra insidiabere?
id. Hec. 1. 1, 13:tibi contra gratiam Referre,
id. ib. 4, 2, 7.—With item:(δ).item a me contra factum est,
Plaut. Aul. prol. 20:puellam senex Amat et item contra filius,
id. Cas. prol. 49; id. Pers. 5, 2, 36; id. Am. 1, 1, 67; Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 25.—Combining a reciprocal with a local relation (A. 1. a. a, and b. a): contra carinantes verba, exchanging abusive words ( face to face), Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 8, 361 (Ann. v. 181 Vahl.): tubae utrimque contra canunt;(ε).Consonat terra,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 73; 1, 1, 86:confer gradum Contra pariter,
id. Ps. 2, 4, 18; id. Truc. 1, 2, 28:video amicam... Ubi contra adspexit me, etc.,
id. Mil. 2, 1, 45; Verg. E. 7, 8; cf. Lucr. 4, 243:vesper adest, juvenes consurgite!... Cernitis, innuptae, juvenes? consurgite contra!
Cat. 62, 6.—Implying also opposition: Pe. Conpellabo. Ph. Orationis aciem contra conferam, Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 20:B.si scias quod donum huic dono contra comparet,
what counter gift, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 63: quod Scipio postulavit... ut, etc. Et quod contra collega postulavit ne, etc., Annal. Trib. Pleb. ap. Gell. 7 (6), 19, 5:si vobis aequa et honesta postulatio videtur, ego contra brevem postulationem adfero,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 2, 7; Nep. Epam. 6, 1;Auct. B. Alex. 24: illo licente contra liceri audeat nemo,
to bid in opposition, Caes. B. G. 1, 18; Liv. 4, 53, 6:agedum pauca accipe contra,
Hor. S. 1, 4, 38.—So in battle:Numidae... Romanorum ordines conturbare... neque contra feriundi copia erat,
Sall. J. 50, 4; and in law: et ab eo is qui adoptat vindicat... et illo contra non vindicante, etc., Gai Inst. 1, 134; 2, 24.—Esp. in replies:oratio contra a Demosthene pro Ctesiphonte edita,
Cic. de Or. 3, 56, 213:dicit accusator haec: primum, etc.... quid contra reus?
id. Clu. 30, 81; id. Fin. 5, 22, 63; Curt. 4, 1, 10; 7, 9, 1.Of opposition, strife, etc., against; constr. absol., with dat., and ne, quominus or quin.1.Of physical exertion.(α).Lit.:(β).concurrunt... aetheriae nubes contra pugnantibu' ventis,
struggling against each other, Lucr. 6. 98:nec nos obniti contra... Sufficimus,
bear up, battle against, Verg. A. 5, 21; Ov. M. 9, 50; 2, 434:at ille contra nititur,
resists, Plin. 2, 38, 38, § 103; 7, 20, 19, § 82:pars remigum, tamquam imperitia... officia nautarum impediebant. Mox contra tendere,
rowed in an opposite direction, Tac. H. 4, 16.—Trop.:2.te rogo ne contrahas ac demittas animum, neque te obrui tamquam fluctu... sinas, contraque erigas ac resistas,
Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1, § 4:et torrens judicem vel nitentem contra feret, cogatque ire qua rapiet,
Quint. 12, 10, 61.— With ne: vi contra niti, ne advorsus eum fiat, Cato ap. Gell. 7 (6), 3, 16.—With quominus, Lucr. 1, 780.—Of mental exertion:3.si tibi vera videntur, Dede manus, aut, si falsum est, accingere contra,
arm yourself against them, Lucr. 2, 1043; 2, 280. —With dat.:siti contra... pugnandum,
Cels. 4, 2 fin. —Of hostile opposition in gen.(α).Lit.:(β).quod animadversum est in eo qui contra omni ratione pugnarunt, non debeo reprehendere,
who made opposition in every way, Cic. Rosc. Am. 47, 137; id. Verr. 2, 2, 43, § 107:contra etiam aliquid abs te profectum ex multis audivi,
something inimical, id. Fam. 5, 5, 2.—Trop.:4.aut alio quovis (sc. colore) qui contra pugnet et obstet,
Lucr. 2, 794; 2, 868.—Of warfare.(α).Lit.:(β).ut eos adversarios existimemus qui arma contra ferant,
Cic. Off. 1, 25, 87; 1, 12, 37; Vell. 2, 28, 4; cf.:quid quod exercitum contra duxit?
Auct. Her. 4, 16, 23:ut si qua ex parte obviam contra veniretur, acie instructa depugnarent,
if they should be attacked by an open charge, Caes. B. G. 7, 28:issentque confestim ad urbem ni venire contra exercitum... audissent,
Liv. 7, 39, 17:cum Romanae legiones contra direxerint,
would oppose their march, Tac. H. 4, 58; id. A. 6, 44.—With dat.:et huic contra itum ad amnem Erinden,
Tac. A. 11, 10.—Trop.:5.quod ubi viderunt corvi, contra auxiliantur, velut adversus communem hostem,
Plin. 10, 74, 95, § 205.—Of legal contests.(α).With verbs of saying; v. 9. a.—(β).Venire contra, of any legal act with the intention to hurt the adversary:(γ).quid? si omnium mortalium Sthenio nemo inimicior quam hic C. Claudius... fuit? si de litteris corruptis contra venit, etc.?
if he made a charge of forgery against him? Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 43, § 107; cf. II. B. c. b.—On the part of the adversary:(δ).inveniendum contra est, quo distet haec causa a ceteris,
Quint. 5, 10, 114; 9, 2, 35; 12, 8, 10.—Of judgments against the parties or against opinions:6.ne spoliaret fama probatum hominem si contra judicasset,
given an adverse decision, Cic. Off. 3, 19, 77; cf. Val. Max. 7, 2, 4; Cic. Caecin. 24, 69.—Of literary opposition.(α).Mostly with verbs of saying; v. 9. a. g.—(β).With other verbs:7.astrologorum artem contra convincere tendit,
Lucr. 5, 728:contra nunc illud pone, etc.,
Sen. Ben. 7, 14, 6:habeat (liber meus) etiam quosdam qui contra sentiant et adversentur,
some dissentients and opponents, Quint. 3, 1, 5; 2, 17, 40; 3, 8, 69.—Of public and political opposition.(α).With verbs of saying; v. 9. a. d.—(β).With petere, to be a candidate for office in opposition to another:8.nihil enim supererat de quo certarent, nihil quod contra peterent,
no office was left for which to canvass against each other, Cic. Agr. 2, 33, 91:honores contra petere,
Quint. 6, 1, 17.—With ire, with dat., of an opposing vote in the senate (cf.:pedibus ire): sententia Cassii ut nemo unus contra ire ausus est, ita dissonae voces respondebant,
Tac. A. 14, 45.—Of violation of law, contracts, etc.: contra facere, or contra committere, to violate, transgress a law, etc.: leges esse non ex ejus qui contra commiserit utilitate, spectari oportere, not in the interest of the transgressor, Cic. Inv. 2, 48, 153:9.si quis sub hoc pacto vendiderit ancillam ne prostitueretur, et si contra factum esset,
and if the contract was violated, Dig. 18, 1, 56.—With verbs of saying, etc., contra dicere; less freq. disputare, disserere, pugnare, in the sense of dicere, and contra scribere (often contradico, in one word, in post-Aug. writers; esp. with dat.).a.Absol.(α).Contra dicere, to speak as counsel of the adversary, to plead his cause, in legal proceedings:(β).cum contra dicturus Hortensius esset,
would speak on the other side, Cic. Quint. 24, 77:hoc... contra dicente Cotta judicatum est,
id. Caecin. 33, 97:dixisse ut contra nemo videretur,
id. Brut. 53, 198: ut contra Crassus... exorsus est, began on the other side, id. ib. § 197.—Hence: qui contra dicit, the adversary or counsel of the adversary:contra autem qui dicet, similitudinem infirmare debebit,
Cic. Inv. 2, 50, 151; id. Part. Or. 21, 108.—In the same sense: agens contra: si nos... impares agentium contra ingeniis dixerimus, that we are unequal to the talents of our adversary's counsel, [p. 453] Quint. 4, 1, 8.—To make charges against (rare):(γ).si qui contra vellet dicere, usurum esse eum suo testimonio,
Cic. Clu. 48, 134:qua ratione nemo neque tum item fecerit, neque nunc contra dicat,
id. Quint. 29, 88; so,contra disputare, of objections to or against a witness: nihil contra disputabo priusquam dixerit,
id. Fl. 21, 51.—In gen., to speak on the other side of a question:(δ).fiebat autem ita, ut cum is qui audire vellet dixisset quid sibi videretur, tum ego contra dicerem,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 4, 8; id. Fin. 2, 1, 2; so,contra disputare and contra scribere,
id. Or. 1, 19, 85; Vitr. 3, 1, 6; Quint. 2, 17, 13; Dig. 9, 2, 21, § 1.—Hence: qui contra dicunt or disputant, the opponents:nec qui contra dicunt causam difficilem repellunt,
Cic. Fin. 3, 1, 2:ad coarguendos qui contra disputant,
to refule his opponents, Quint. 2, 15, 26.—To oppose or object to a proposition, motion, or petition:(ε). (ζ).quam palam principes dixerunt contra!
protested against it, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 16, § 41; Caes. B. C. 1, 32; Cic. Clu. 47, 130.—With pugnare:cum decerneretur frequenti senatu, contra pugnante Pisone, etc.,
Cic. Att. 1, 14, 5:filius ejus incolumitatem optat: contradicit pater,
the father objects, Quint. 9, 2, 85; 9, 2, 83; Plin. ap. Gell. 9, 16, 5; Cic. Dom. 33, 87:contradicente nullo,
Suet. Caes. 20; Dig. 3, 3, 15.—Abl. absol. impers.:b.explorandum videtur an etiam contradicto aliquando judicio consuetudo firmata sit,
whether the custom has been confirmed by judgment upon a judicial contest, Dig. 1, 3, 34.—With acc. neutr. pron., to object, to make or raise an objection, to reply; esp. in legal proceedings:c.ego enim, te disputante, quid contra dicerem meditabar,
Cic. N. D. 3, 1, 1:ut contra si quid dicere velit non audiatur,
id. Fin. 5, 10, 27:aiebat illum primo sane diu multa contra (i. e. dixisse), ad extremum autem, etc.,
id. Att. 2, 22, 2.— Hence: quod contra dicitur, or quae contra dicuntur, the objections:ut et id quod intenderemus confirmare, et id quod contra diceretur refellere (possemus),
refute the objections, Cic. de Or. 1, 20, 90:quia neque reprehendi quae contra dicuntur possunt, etc.,
id. ib. 2, 81, 331; id. Inv. 2, 44, 127; Quint. 1, 2, 17.—In the same sense, as subst.: contrā dicta, orum, n. plur.:seu proposita confirmamus, sive contra dicta dissolvimus,
or refute the objections, Quint. 4, prooem. 6.—With acc. and inf.:dicitur contra, nullum esse testamentum,
the objection is made that there is no testament, Cic. Agr. 2, 6, 42.—With dat., written in one word (post-Aug.).(α).To oppose a person by speaking against his views:(β).solitum se etiam Thraseae contradicere,
to oppose even Thrasea, Tac. H. 2, 91:tibi,
Suet. Aug. 54:Curioni...,
id. Rhet. 1. —Hence of answers and replies in law: quid si filium testatoris heres ejus prohibuit? Huic contradici potest: ergo pietatis, etc., he may be answered by this plea, etc., Dig. 11, 7, 14, § 13.—And of advisory answers opposed to one's legal views:volenti mihi ream adulterii postulare eam, etc., contradictum est,
my views were disapproved, rejected, Dig. 48, 5, 11, § 10.—To oppose an opinion, with dat. of the thing:(γ).cum plures tantum sententiis aliorum contradicerent,
opposed the opinions, Tac. H. 1, 39.—To object to a motion or petition, with dat. of the petitioner:(δ).patrem qui damnavit optat ne is torqueatur: pater ei contradicit,
the father objects, Quint. 9, 2, 81:cum ambienti ut legibus solveretur multi contradicerent,
Suet. Caes. 18; Dig. 40, 5, 14; 40, 12, 33.—With dat. of the petition:(ε).preces erant, sed quibus contradici non posset,
which could not be denied, Tac. H. 4, 46 fin.; Dig. 3, 1, 1, § 2.—To contest the validity of a law (rare):(ζ).quibus (legibus) contradici potest,
Quint. 7, 7, 4.—To contradict an assertion (very rare):d.pro certis autem habemus... cuicunque adversarius non contradicit,
Quint. 5, 10, 13.—With quin, to object:C.praetor Samnitibus respondit... nec contra dici quin amicitia de integro reconcilietur,
there was no objection to a reconciliation, Liv. 8, 2, 2.To one's disadvantage; mostly predic. with esse, unfavorable, adverse, damaging (post-Aug.;D.but cf. II. B. 2.): ut eum qui responsurus est vel tacere, vel etiam invitum id quod sit contra cogat fateri,
Quint. 7, 3, 14:cum verba (legis) contra sint,
id. 7, 1, 49:sed experimentum contra fuit,
unsuccessful, Tac. H. 2, 97 fin.:ubi fortuna contra fuit,
id. ib. 3, 18:si fortuna contra daret,
should be unfavorable, id. ib. 1, 65 fin.; id. A. 15, 13.Of logical opposition, with negative force.1.Of a direct contrast.a.Predicatively, with esse, fieri, etc., the contrary, the opposite:b.quod fieri totum contra manifesta docet res,
but experience teaches that just the contrary is true, Lucr. 3, 686; 4, 1088:in stultitia contra est,
with fools the reverse is true, Cic. Clu. 31, 84:in hac quidem re vereor ne etiam contra (i. e. sit),
id. Att. 12, 46; id. Off. 1, 15, 49:quod contra est,
Sall. J. 85, 21:quis non credat, etc.? Contra autem est,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 12; id. Ep. 7, 3; Dig. 37, 4, 4:contra fore si, etc.,
ib. 34, 2, 39, § 2:immo forsitan et contra (i. e. erit),
ib. 41, 3, 49:ego contra puto (i. e. esse),
Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 7; Lampr. Alex. Sev. 25.—With evenire, accidere, sentire, scribere, habere, etc.:c.utrumque contra accidit: istic enim bellum est exortum, hic pax consecuta,
of both the contrary has happened, Cic. Fam. 12, 18, 2; so Dig. 38, 2, 51:id ego contra puto (sc.: faciendum esse),
id. Att. 10, 8, 2:contra evenit in iis morbis,
Sen. Ep. 52, 7; Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 163:ego contra sentio,
Sen. Clem. 1, 15, 5; Sedig. ap. Gell. 15, 24, 4; Dig. 40, 2, 25:Proculus contra (sc. sentit),
ib. 35, 2, 1, § 14; 33, 7, 25:licet Celsus contra scribat,
ib. 9, 2, 21, § 1: contra probatur, Gai Inst. 2, 78; Dig. 33, 7, 12, § 34.—Very rarely referring to a term in the same clause:cujus disparem mitioremque naturam contra interpretabatur,
interpreted in an opposite sense, misinterpreted, misunderstood, Tac. H. 4, 86 fin. —Referring to a word or phrase in the same predicate.(α).To an adverb, in an opposite manner, otherwise, differently, not, etc.:(β).nam ad summam totius rei pertinet, caute an contra demonstrata res sit,
Cic. de Or. 2, 81, 330: quod viriliter animoque fit, id, etc.;quod contra, id turpe,
id. Off. 1, 27, 94:sit sapienter usus aut contra,
Quint. 2, 5, 15:lactuca locis apricis optume autumno ponitur, mediterraneis aut frigidis contra ( = pessime),
Col. 11, 3, 25.—To a predicative adjective, not, the opposite, the reverse, etc.:(γ).ut aliae (res) probabiles videantur aliae contra,
improbable, Cic. Ac. 2, 32, 103; id. Off. 2, 2, 7:quid est quod me impediat ea quae probabilia mihi videantur sequi, quae contra, improbare,
id. ib. 2, 2, 8; id. Or. 2, 31, 135; Quint. 4, 2, 52.—To a verbal predicate:(δ).an frater fratri exsistat heres, an contra ( = annon),
Dig. 34, 5, 19.—To a subject infinitive:(ε).laudare testem vel contra pertinet ad momentum judiciorum,
praising or censuring a witness, Quint. 3, 7, 2.—To a clause, translated by not or by a repetition of the clause with a negative:(ζ).quae secundum naturam essent, ea sumenda et quadam aestimatione dignanda docebat, contraque contraria,
those that were not, not, Cic. Ac. 1, 10, 36: quod cuidam aut sapiens videor quod una non jerim, aut felix fuisse;mihi contra,
id. Att. 9, 12, 4: an credibile est, incestum cum filia commissum? Et contra, veneficum in noverca, adulterum in luxurioso? and incredible, etc., Quint. 5, 10, 19; so Dig. 9, 1, 2, § 1.—To an attributive genitive:2.Marius cognoscere quid boni utrisque or contra esset (i. e. mali),
Sall. J. 88, 2:verum de origine laudis contraque perspiciemus suo tempore (i. e. vituperationis),
Quint. 2, 4, 21:alii a propositione accusatoris contraque loci oriuntur,
the accuser and the accused, id. 7, 2, 31;so in several titles of the Digests, as Depositi vel contra, = actio depositi, vel contraria actio depositarii,
Dig. 16, 3 tit.; so ib. 16, 17, 1; 16, 13, 6; 16, 13, 7.—Reversing the relation of terms in the preceding sentence, the reverse, conversely, vice versa, etc.a.With its own predicate: saepe... corpus aegret, Cum tamen ex alia laetamur parte latenti;b.Et retro fit uti contra sit saepe vicissim, Cum miser ex animo laetatur corpore toto,
Lucr. 3, 108: illa altera argumentatio, quasi retro et contra, prius sumit, etc., ( proceeding), so to speak, backward and in inverted order, Cic. Part. Or. 13, 46: neque illud ignoro, etc.; sed non idem accidit contra, but the converse is not true, Quint. 8, 6, 3; Gell. 4, 2, 5: ut vocabula verbis, verba rursus adverbiis, nomina appositis et pronominibus essent priora. Nam fit contra quoque frequenter non indecore. for often, not inelegantly, the order is reversed, Quint. 9, 4, 24:quae etiam contra valent,
i. e. if the terms are reversed, id. 3, 7, 25; 9, 2, 49; 8, 6, 25; 9, 4, 72.—Belonging to the same predicate:E.ut quidque erit dicendum ita dicet, nec satura jejune, nec grandia minute, nec item contra,
Cic. Or. 36, 123:cum emtor venditori, vel contra, heres exstitit,
Dig. 35, 2, 48:in quibus patrium pro possessivo dicitur, vel contra,
Quint. 1, 5, 45; 5, 10, 71:junguntur autem aut ex nostro et peregrino, ut biclinium, aut contra, ut epitogium et Anticato,
id. 1, 5, 68:ut capras in montosis potius locis quam in herbidis (pascar), equas contra,
but with mares the reverse is the case, Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 16:itaque ille dicere melius quam praecipere, nos contra fortasse possumus,
Cic. Or. 42, 143:qua collegi solent ex his quae faciunt ea quae faciuntur, aut contra,
or vice versa, Quint. 5, 10, 80; Dig. 14, 1, 1, § 12; 48, 5, 23, § 4.In logical antithesis of clauses with a merely rhet. force, on the contrary, on the other hand, vice versa; sometimes almost = sed or autem (freq.).1.In independent clauses.a.Opposing persons or parties: fortunam insanam esse... perhibent philosophi... Sunt autem alii philosophi qui contra Fortunam negant ullam exstare, Pac. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 23, 36 (Trag. Rel. v. 372 Rib.); Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68; Varr. R. R. 1, 8, 1:b.ego etiam quae tu sine Verre commisisti Verri crimini daturus sum... Tu, contra, ne quae ille quidem fecit, obicies,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 11, 35:ego contra ostendo, non modo nihil fecisse Sex. Roscium, sed, etc.,
id. Rosc. Am. 29, 79; id. Phil. 8, 3, 8; id. Off. 1, 30, 108; id. Fin. 5, 22, 62:in Italia bellum gerimus, in sede ac solo nostro... Hannibal contra in aliena, in hostili est terra,
Liv. 22, 39, 13; 21, 50, 2; 3, 15, 2; 6, 7, 4; 9, 35, 4 et saep.; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; Vell. 2, 31, 4; Sen. Ep. 9, 14; id. Ira, 2, 33, 6; Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 113; Tac. H. 3, 84; 3, 57; Suet. Tib. 2; id. Vit. 2; Just. 2, 1, 10; 8, 4, 11:contra mercator, navim jactantibus austris Militia est potior?
Hor. S. 1, 1, 6; 1, 2, 30; 1, 3, 27; Prop. 2, 1, 45; 2, 23, 13 (3, 17, 3); Sen. Hippol. 214;so with versa vice: barbarae gentes (Alexandrum) non ut hostem, sed ut parentem luxerunt... Contra Macedones versa vice non ut civem, sed ut hostem amissum gaudebant,
Just. 13, 1, 7.—Introducing a secondary or parallel opposition of thought: in loco umidiore far potius serunt quam triticum;2.contra in aridiore hordeum potius quam far,
Varr. R. R. 1, 9, 4; 1, 1, 47: si nihil esset quod inane vocaret, Omne foret solidum;nisi contra corpora certe Essent, etc., Omne quod est spatium vacuum constaret inane,
Lucr. 1, 521; 4, 348; cf.:justa omnia decora sunt, injusta contra, ut turpia, sic indecora,
Cic. Off. 1, 27, 94; id. N. D. 2, 15, 41; id. de Or. 3, 33, 136; id. Quint. 30, 93: id. Off. 3, 21, 84; id. Leg. 2, 1, 2: facilem esse rem... si modo unum omnes sentiant; contra in dissensione nullam se salutem perspicere, Caes. B. G, 5, 31; Liv. 25, 30, 3; Sen. Ben. 1, 5, 2; Plin. 12, 19, 42, § 92; 11, 14, 14, § 35; Suet. Caes. 73; Gell. 1, 4, 5:si male rem gerere insani est, contra bene, sani,
Hor. S. 2, 3, 74.—In opposition to a dependent clause:3.ut hi miseri, sic contra illi beati quos, etc.,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 6, 16; so id. de Or. 1, 45, 198; Quint. 9, 3, 39:cui ego rei tantum abest ut impedimento sim, ut contra te M. Manli adhorter, etc.,
Liv. 6, 15, 5; 6, 31, 4:cum virtus adeo neminem spe ac pollicitatione corrumpat, ut contra in se inpendere jubeat, ac, etc.,
Sen. Ben. 4, 1, 2: aut igitur negemus quidquam ratione confici, cum contra nihil sine ratione recte fieri possit, aut, etc., whereas on the contrary, etc., Cic. Tusc. 4, 38, 84; cf.:at contra,
Lucr. 2, 392.—With co-ordinate conjunctions.a.Copulative, et contra or contraque (never with ac or atque); also nec contra (rare), and on the other hand.(α).With reference to a reason or conclusion, after nam, enim, cum, or itaque: nam et ratione uti... omnique in re quid sit veri videre et tueri decet, contraque falli [p. 454]... tam dedecet quam, etc., Cic. Off. 1, 27, 94:(β).malus est enim custos... metus, contraque benevolentia fidelis,
id. ib. 2, 7, 23:cum reficiat animos varietas ipsa, contraque sit aliquanto difficilius in labore uno perseverare,
Quint. 1, 12, 4; 3, 8, 32; 8, 6, 20:itaque in probris maxime in promptu est, si quid tale dici potest, etc. Contraque in laudibus, etc.,
Cic. Off. 1, 18, 61; cf. Suet. Calig. 51; so with nec:nam nec comoedia cothurnis assurgit, nec contra tragoedia socculo ingreditur,
Quint. 10, 2, 22.—With contrasted examples or illustrations, often after ut or sic:(γ).audivi ex majoribus natu, hoc idem fuisse in P. Scipione Nasica, contraque patrem ejus... nullam comitatem habuisse sermonis,
Cic. Off. 1, 30, 109:ut suspitionibus credi oportere, et contra suspitionibus credi non oportere,
id. Inv. 2, 15, 48; Quint. 8, 4, 1; 5, 10, 48; 9, 3, 7; 9, 4, 52; 11, 1, 14; Sen. Ep. 82, 14; Dig. 17, 1, 22, § 4.—With contrasted actions, assumptions, etc.:(δ).atque utinam qui ubique sunt propugnatores hujus imperii possent in hanc civitatem venire, et contra oppugnatores rei publicae de civitate exterminari!
Cic. Balb. 22, 51:domo pignori data, et area ejus tenebitur... et contra jus soli sequitur aedificium,
Dig. 13, 7, 21:equo et asina genitos mares, hinnos antiqui vocabant: contraque mulos quos asini et equae generassent,
Plin. 8, 44, 69, § 17: ceterum potest ex lege quidem esse judicium, sed legitimum non esse, et contra ex lege non esse, sed legitimum esse, Gai Inst. 4, 109; Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 161; 35, 15, 5, § 183.—After a negative clause, affirming the opposite idea, et contra or contraque, but on the contrary:b.in quo (consulatu) ego imperavi nihil, et contra patribus conscriptis et bonis omnibus parui,
Cic. Sull. 7, 21:nunc vero cum ne pulsus quidem ita sim ut superare non possim, contraque a populo Romano semper sim defensus, etc.,
id. Dom. 33, 88; id. Fin. 2, 17, 55; id. Marcell. 6, 20; so,et contra,
Suet. Tit. 7.—With adversative conjunctions, at contra, sed contra, contra autem, contra vero (not verum contra, nor contra tamen).(α).At contra (freq.), merely a strengthened contra (v. 1. supra): huc accedit uti mellis lactisque liquores Jucundo sensu linguae tractentur in ore;(β).At contra taetri absinthi natura... foedo pertorqueat ora sapore,
Lucr. 2, 400:cogunt,
id. 2, 74; 1, 366; 2, 235 et saep.: nos qui domi sumus, tibi beati videmur;at contra nobis tu quidem... prae nobis beatus,
Cic. Fam. 4, 4, 2; id. Tusc. 1, 3, 5; id. Rosc. Am. 45, 131; id. Verr. 2, 5, 26, § 66; Sall. J. 36, 2; 4, 7; 15, 3; id. C. 12, 5:ideo siccas aiunt Aethiopiae solitudines... At contra constat Germaniam abundare rivis,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 6, 2; 1, 3, 1; id. Ep. 100, 7; Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 186; Suet. Galb. 15; Tac. A. 4, 28.—Sed contra, after a negative sentence (class.):(γ).non quo acui ingenia adulescentium nollem, sed contra ingenia obtundi nolui,
Cic. de Or. 3, 24, 93; id. Att. 9, 15, 3; id. Ac. 1, 10, 35; id. Fl. 11, 26:arma populi Romani non liberis servitutem, sed contra servientibus libertatem adferre,
Liv. 45, 18, 1:tu ne cede malis, sed contra audentior ito,
Verg. A. 6, 95; Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 12.—PostAug. also without a preceding negation:obiisse nostro Laium scelere autumant superi inferique: sed animus contra innocens... negat,
Sen. Oedip. 765; Symm. Ep. 6, 81.—Contra autem (rare;(δ).in Cic. only where different subjects have contrasted predicates in dependent clauses): quia pacis est insigne toga, contra autem arma tumultus atque belli,
Cic. Pis. 30, 73.—In later writers = contra alone:sub septemtrione aedificia... conversa ad calidas partes oportere fieri videntur. Contra autem sub impetu solis meridiani regionibus conversa ad septemtrionem... sunt facienda,
Vitr. 6, 1, 2; Gell. 14, 2, 19; Dig. 7, 1, 25, § 3; 34, 3, 25.—Contra vero (very rare;(ε).not in Cic.), used for contra: contra vero quercus infinitam habet aeternitatem,
Vitr. 2, 9, 8; 6, 1, 3; Cels. 3, 6 fin. —Atqui contra, App. Mag. p. 287, 24.—c.With disjunctive conjunctions, aut contra, vel contra, seu contra, or on the contrary, or conversely (always without change of subject).(α).Aut contra:(β).num aut scriptum neget, aut contra factum infitietur?
Cic. Part. Or. 38, 133: quae (mens) aut languescit... aut contra tumescit, etc., Quint. 1, 2, 18:si imbres defuere, aut contra abundavere,
Plin. 17, 24, 37, § 228.—Vel contra:(γ).hinc enim quaestiones oriuntur: Injuriam fecisti, sed quia magistratus, majestatis actio est? Vel contra: Licuit... quia magistratus?
Quint. 5, 10, 40; 9, 4, 96; Suet. Galb. 3; Dig. 35, 2, 56, § 4; 8, 4, 6.—Seu contra:d.seu tristis veniam, seu contra laetus amicis,
Prop. 1, 11, 25.—With causal conjunctions, nam contra (very rare;4.never contra enim): falso queritur de natura sua genus humanum quod, etc. Nam contra, reputando, neque majus aliud, neque praestabilius invenies,
Sall. J. 1, 1; Quint. 1, 1, 1; 9, 2, 23. —In late Lat., e contra (also one word, ēcontrā) = contra,(α).In the meaning, the contrary (D. 1.):(β).aliis vero econtra videtur,
Hier. Ep. 12.—Et econtra = et contra (E. 3. a.):5.honestiorum provectu et econtra suppliciis,
Aur. Vict. Caes. 39, 45.—For quod contra, v. II. E. 1. c.—With emphatic particles.a.Quin contra, nay on the contrary, opposing an affirmative sentence to a preceding negative statement (quin etiam amplifies without opposition; sed contra opposes without amplification; quin contra both opposes and amplifies);b.not before Livy: num qui enim socordius rempublicam administrari post Calvi tribunatum... quam? etc. Quin contra patricios aliquot damnatos... neminem plebeium,
Liv. 6, 37, 8; 31, 31, 9; 35, 26, 10; 37, 15, 3.—Immo contra (post-Aug.).(α).= no, on the contrary, refuting opinions, after questions and in the form of a dialogue:(β).existimas nunc me detrahere tibi multas voluptates?... Immo contra, nolo tibi umquam deesse laetitiam,
Sen. Ep. 23, 3; Dig. 33, 7, 5; 33, 7, 29.—= sed contra, but on the contrary:c.proinde ne submiseris te, immo contra fige stabilem gradum,
Sen. Cons. Marc. 5, 6; id. Cons. Polyb. 15, 2; cf. prep.:immo contra ea,
Liv. 41, 24, 8; cf. II. E. 1. b. infra.—Item contra = an emphatic et contra (very rare):F.quoniam... beate vivere alii in alio, vos in voluptate ponitis, item contra miseriam in dolore, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 2, 27, 86; cf. I. A. 3. g supra.With a comparative clause introduced by ac, atque, or quam, representing a logical or moral opposition (contra atque debuit = non ita ut debuit; cf. Cic. Or. 3, 19, 70); cf. prep., II. C. 3. g, and II. E. 2. infra.1.Of logical opposition, contrary to, different from, otherwise than; in the best prose only with atque or ac.(α).With atque:(β).item, contra atque apud nos, fieri ad Elephantinem ut neque ficus neque vites amittant folia,
Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 6:simulacrum Jovis, contra atque ante fuerat, ad orientem convertere,
Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 20; id. Sull. 24, 69:judicium suscepturos contra atque omnis Italia populusque Romanus judicavisset,
Caes. B. C. 3, 12; id. B. G. 4, 13; Plin. 12, 19, 43, § 95.—With ac:(γ).itaque contra est ac dicitis,
Cic. Fin. 4, 15, 41:vides, omnia fere contra ac dicta sint evenisse,
id. Div. 2, 24, 53; so id. Verr. 2, 4, 6, § 11; id. Or. 40, 137:cum contra ac Deiotarus sensit victoria belli judicaret,
id. Phil. 11, 13, 34:Petreius ubi videt, Catilinam, contra ac ratus erat, magna vi tendere, etc.,
Sall. C. 60, 5.—With ac and atque:(δ).si denique aliquid non contra ac liceret factum diceretur, sed contra atque oporteret,
Cic. Balb. 3, 7.—With quam (post-Aug.):2.cui contra quam proposuerat aliqua cesserunt,
Sen. Ira, 3, 6, 5; Plin. 10, 53, 74, § 149; 11, 21, 24, § 72; Gell. 6 (7), 8, 6:contra quam licet,
id. 1, 3, 19; Sil. 15, 107.—Of moral opposition of acts contrary to rules and principles (cf. II. 3. g infra); so always with quam:II.mater Aviti, generi sui, contra quam fas erat, amore capta,
contrary to the divine law, Cic. Clu. 5, 12:ut senatus, contra quam ipse censuisset, ad vestitum rediret,
contrary to its own resolution, id. Pis. 8, 18:contra quam ista causa postulasset,
id. Caecin. 24, 67:contra quam sanctum legibus est,
Liv. 30, 19, 9; Cic. Leg. 2, 5, 11; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1, § 2; id. Dom. 46, 122:contraque faciunt quam polliceri videntur,
Auct. Her. 4, 3, 6; Cic. de Or. 2, 20, 86.Prep. with acc., before, against, facing, towards, opposite to, contrary to (acc. to many scholars not ante-class.; cf. Hand, Turs. II. p. 108; but found Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 24 Fleck., a line omitted by Lorenz as a gloss; id. Pers. 1, 1, 13 Ritschl; Att. ap. Non. p. 469, 15, or Trag. Rel. v. 476 Rib.; cf. also Plaut. Poen. 5, 6, 18; Cato, R. R. 18, 1, and v. I. A. 1. a. b, and I. A. 1. b. a supra).A.Local uses.1.Opposite, over against, facing.a.Of countries and places (mostly of those separated by water;b.adversus and e regione mostly of places opposite by land): insulae natura triquetra, cujus unum latus est contra Galliam,
Caes. B. G. 5, 13; 3, 9; 4, 20:ad insulam quae est contra Massiliam,
id. B. C. 1, 56; 3, 23:Rhodios, pacatis contra insulam suam terris, etc.,
Liv. 37, 15, 7; 3, 26, 8:Carthago Italiam contra,
Verg. A. 1, 13; 5, 124; Ov. M. 14, 17:insulae quae contra Tauri promuntorium inopportune navigantibus objacent, Chelidoniae nominantur,
Mel. 2, 7; Plin. 3, 26, 30, § 151; 6, 28, 32, § 152; 5, 7, 7, § 41; Tac. A. 3, 1; id. H. 2, 17.—Of the heavenly bodies:c.donique (luna) eum (sc. solem) contra pleno bene lumine fulsit,
Lucr. 5, 708:contra Volucris rostrum posita est Lyra,
Vitr. 9, 4, 5; Sen. Q. N. 1, 5, 9; 1, 8, 3; Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99; 5, 10, 10, § 56.—So, tertium (latus Britanniae) est contra septem triones, opposite ( facing); hence, contra meridiem and contra ortus (instead of ad or adversus meridiem, etc.), facing the south and east, Plin. 6, 24, 24, § 85; 17, 2, 2, § 22. —So of a person standing in the sunlight:cum minima umbra (i. e. a sole) contra medium fiet hominem,
Plin. 18, 33, 76, § 327; cf.:contra mediam faciem meridies erit,
id. 18, 33, 76, § 326.—Of opposite ends of a line.(α).Of the diameter of the earth: esse e regione nobis e contraria parte terrae qui adversis vestigiis stent contra nostra vestigia, quos antipodas vocatis, Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123.—(β).Of a line drawn:d.contra autem E littera I erit ubi secat circinationem linea,
opposite the point E will be the letter I, Vitr. 9, 7, 4.—Of buildings, etc.:e.contra hoc aviarium est aliud minus in quo quae mortuae sunt aves curator servare solet,
Varr. R. R. 3, 5, 5; Vitr. 5, 6, 3; 3, 5, 15:(statuam) quae fuerit contra Jovis Statoris aedem in vestibulo Superbi domus,
Plin. 34, 6, 13, § 29:contra medium fere porticum diaeta paulum recedit,
Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 20; 2, 17, 5; Suet. Aug. 44.—Of places on the human body:2.id quod contra stomachum est,
Cels. 4, 5 (4, 12 med.); 7, 7;4, 20 (13).—Of the direction of the intestines, etc.: ea... contra medium alvum orsa,
Cels. 4, 1 fin. —Of actions, opposite, towards, against, facing (syn.:a.adversus, ad, e regione,
Caes. B. G. 7, 61).In gen.:b.quamvis subito... quamque Rem contra speculum ponas, apparet imago,
Lucr. 4, 156: Democritus... clipeum constituit contra exortum Hyperionis, Laber. ap. Gell. 10, 17, 4:et contra magnum potes hos (i.e. oculos) attollere solem, Nec tremis...?
Prop. 1, 15, 37; Col. 7, 3, 8:rex constiterat contra pedites,
Curt. 10, 9, 13; 9, 5, 1:ne contra septentrionem paveris,
Plin. 18, 33, 76, § 330; 28, 6, 19, § 69:contra solem varie refulgens,
placed in the sun, id. 37, 10, 63, § 173; 10, 54, 75, § 151; 37, 6, 22, § 83;37, 7, 25, § 95: cum terrestres volucres contra aquam clangores dabunt,
id. 18, 35, 87, § 363; 19, 8, 39, § 131.—Dependent on verbs of motion (very rare without the idea of hostility):c.(Dinocrates) incessit contra tribunal regis jus dicentis,
towards, Vitr. 2, praef. 1.—So trop., of actions done for a purpose:lege Cornelia de sicariis tenetur qui, cum in magistratu esset, eorum quid fecerit contra hominis necem quod legibus permissum non sit,
Dig. 48, 8, 4.—Appositively, with the predicate: (elephanti) tanta narratur clementia contra minus validos, ut, etc., if fronting weaker animals, if brought in contact with them (not to be connected with clementia), Plin. 8, 7, 7, § 23.—Similarly: dum... fidens non est contra feram, if fronting the animal (not dependent on fidens), Plin. 8, 16, 21, § 57.—d.Against an opposing action, etc.:e.contra vim atque impetum fluminis conversa,
Caes. B. G. 4, 17, 5:cum plateae contra directos ventos erunt conformatae,
Vitr. 1, 6, 8:ut contra ventum gregem pascamus,
Col. 7, 3, 12; Sen. Q. N. 2, 31, 2; Plin. 29, 3, 12, § 52; 17, 2, 2, § 21; 8, 16, 21, § 54:contra fluminum impetus aggeribus,
id. 35, 14, 48, § 169:capite in sole contra pilum peruncto,
id. 27, 4, 5, § 17; 18, 35, 88, § 364; Varr. ap. Plin. 7, 20, 19, § 83; Sil. 14, 352; Dig. 9, 2, 29, § 4. [p. 455] — Trop.:contra fortunam tenendus est cursus,
Sen. Prov. 5, 9.—Prov.:contra stimulum calces,
kick against the pricks, Isid. Orig. 1, 36, 28 (al. calcitres); cf. Amm. 18, 5, 1.—Of local actions with hostile intent.(α).Lit.:(β).quae vis Coclitem contra omnes hostium copias tenuit?
Cic. Par. 1, 2, 12:Pompeium Cartejae receptum scribis: jam igitur contra hunc exercitum (sc. constitit),
id. Att. 15, 20, 3:pertimescam, credo, ne mihi non liceat contra vos in contione consistere,
to face you, id. Agr. 1, 8, 25; Lepidus ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 34, 1; Caes. B. C. 1, 26:a fronte contra hostem pedum quindecim fossam fieri jussit,
id. ib. 1, 41; 1, 42; id. B. G. 7, 62:Tullus adversus Veientem hostem derigit suos: Albanos contra legionem Fidenatium collocat,
Liv. 1, 27, 5; 24, 41, 5; 38, 4, 5; Verg. A. 12, 279; Front. Strat. 2, 2, 13; 2, 3, 17.—Appositively, with a local verb understood:terribilis haec contra fugientes belua est, fugax contra insequentes,
i. e. if fronting, if placed opposite, Plin. 8, 25, 38, § 92.—Trop.:f.castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus collocata,
Cic. Cat. 1, 2, 5; id. Mil. 1, 2; Quint. 7, 7, 5:tum contra hanc Romam illa altera Roma quaeretur,
will be as a rival against this Rome, Cic. Agr. 2, 22, 86:cui rationi contra homines barbaros atque imperitos locus fuisset, hac ne ipsum quidem sperare, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 1, 40:(Cicero) plerumque contra inimicos atque obtrectatores plus vindicat sibi,
when fronting adversaries, Quint. 11, 1, 23.—In partic.(α).Stare contra aliquem (opp. stare ab aliquo); usu. implying hostility; mostly trop., to stand against, to be arrayed against, to face, oppose:(β).quod contra hoc exemplum nulla staret eorum ratio,
Auct. Her. 4, 5, 7:contra populi studium,
Cic. Brut. 34, 126:contra civium perditorum... dementiam a senatu et a bonorum causa,
id. ib. 79, 273; so,a mendacio contra veritatem,
id. Inv. 1, 3, 4:contra cives in acie,
id. Att. 16, 11, 2:et adversi contra stetit ora juvenci,
opposite, Verg. A. 5, 477; 5, 414:haec enim (ratio) sola... stat contra fortunam,
Sen. Ep. 14, 4, 2: contra leonem etiam stetit, fronted, i. e. hunted, Spart. Carac. 5 fin. —Contra aliquem ire:3.aut saevos Libyae contra ire leones,
Stat. Th. 9, 16.— Trop.:uti contra injurias armati eatis,
Sall. J. 31, 6:interritus (sapiens) et contra illa (mala) ibit et inter illa,
Sen. Ep. 59, 8; cf.: contra venire, II. B. 1. c. b infra, and v. also II. B. 2. b. and II. B. 1. b. infra.—Transf.,a.To persons placed together for comparison:b.C. vero Caesar, si foro tantum vacasset, non alius ex nostris contra Ciceronem nominaretur,
Quint. 10, 1, 114:CORONATO CONTRA OMNES SCAENICOS,
Inscr. Grut. p. 331, n. 4.—To things compared, as if weighed against each other as to their value, strength, etc.(α).Lit. (very rare):(β).quamcunque vis rem expende, et contra aquam statue... Si gravior est, leviorem rem... feret, etc.,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 5.—Prop.:c.cujus (i. e. generis humani) causa videtur cuncta alia genuisse natura, magna saeva mercede contra tanta sua munera,
Plin. 7, 1, 1, § 1:qui amicus esse coepit quia expedit, placebit ei aliquod pretium contra amicitiam,
Sen. Ep. 9, 9:numquam ulli fortiores cives fuerunt quam qui ausi sunt eum contra tantas opes ejus... condemnare,
Cic. Fam. 7, 2, 3:tantum studium bonorum in me exstitisse, contra incredibilem contentionem clarissimi et potentissimi viri,
id. ib. 7, 2, 2; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 9, 3:nomen prorogans nostrum et memoriam extendens contra brevitatem aevi,
as a compensation for, Plin. 2, 63, 63, § 154.—So esp., valere contra, to weigh against, counterbalance, avail or prevail against: non vereor ne meae vitae modestia parum valitura sit contra falsos rumores, Matius ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 8:(illa facta) pro periculo potius quam contra salutem valere debere,
Cic. Part. Or. 35, 120; id. Off. 3, 29, 104:contrane lucrum nil valere Pauperis ingenium?
Hor. Epod. 11, 11; Sen. Ben. 4, 15, 1; id. Cons. Helv. 5, 5; so,robur habere contra: si contra unamquamlibet partem fortunae satis tibi roboris est,
id. ib. 13, 2;so of counterchecks: in Creta decem qui cosmoe vocantur, ut contra consulare imperium tribuni plebis, sic illi contra vim regiam constituti,
Cic. Rep. 2, 33, 58.—Of antidotes: cimicum natura contra serpentium morsus valere dicitur, item contra venena omnia, Plin. 29, 4, 17, § 61.—Hence,Colloq., aliquid contra aurum est, something is worth gold, is superb, both predicatively and attributively (cf.: auro contra, I. A. 2. supra): hujusce pomaria in summa Sacra Via ubi poma veneunt, contra aurum imago, a spectacle for gold, i. e. a magnificent sight, Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 10 MSS. (al. aliter):d.numcubi hic vides citrum... num quod emblema aut lithostratum? quae illic omnia contra aurum,
superb, id. ib. 3, 2, 4 MSS. (Schneid. omits aurum, ex conj.):oneravi vinum, et tunc erat contra aurum,
Petr. 7, 6.—Transf., of replies, with aiebat, inquit, etc.; both in friendly and inimical sense; esp., contra ea, contra haec, = the adv. contra:B.contra ea Titurius sero facturos clamitabat, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 5, 29:contra ea Verginius unum Ap. Claudium et legum expertem et, etc., aiebat,
Liv. 3, 57, 1; 24, 45, 4:quae contra breviter fata est vates,
Verg. A. 6, 398:contra quod disertus Tu impie fecisti inquit, etc.,
Quint. 7, 1, 53 (cf.: contra ea, II. E. 1. infra).Denoting hostility or disadvantage.1.With verbs of hostile action.a.Of physical exertion:b.pugnavere et tertio consulatu ejus viginti (elephanti) contra pedites quingentos,
Plin. 8, 7, 7, § 22:proelium Afri contra Aegyptios primi fecere fustibus,
id. 7, 56, 57, § 200; 8, 40, 61, § 142. —Referring to warfare (usu. adversus), bellum gerere (rarely for cum or adversus; but contra patriam, contra aras, etc., not cum patria, etc.; cf.c.bellum, II. A. 1. e.): a quo prohibitos esse vos contra Caesarem gerere bellum (opp. pro),
Cic. Lig. 8, 25; id. Phil. 5, 10, 27; Liv. Ep. 129.—With bellum suscipere:contra Antonium,
Cic. Phil. 8, 2, 5; so,contra patriam,
id. Sull. 20, 58:pugnare contra patriam,
id. ib. 25, 70:contra conjuges et liberos,
Sen. Ben. 5, 15, 5:armatum esse contra populum Romanum,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32.—With arma ferre (freq.), Cic. Phil. 2, 29, 72; 13, 21, 47; Liv. 28, 28, 15; Nep. Att. 4, 2; Tib. 1, 6, 30; Ov. M. 4, 609; 13, 269; id. P. 1, 1, 26.—With arma sumere or capere, Cic. Rab. Perd. 6, 19; id. Phil. 4, 1, 2; 4, 3, 7:armis contendere contra,
Caes. B. G. 2, 13:arma alicui dare (trop.),
Cic. Phil. 2, 21, 53:aciem instruere (trop.),
Liv. 25, 4, 4:exercitum comparare,
Cic. Phil. 3, 6, 14; 4, 1, 2:exercitum instruere,
id. Cat. 2, 11, 24:exercitum ducere and adducere,
id. Phil. 4, 2, 5; 3, 4, 11:exercitum contra Philippum mittere,
id. Inv. 1, 12, 17:naves ducere contra,
Hor. Epod. 4, 19:ducere contra hostes,
Liv. 1, 27, 4:florem Italiae educere contra,
Cic. Cat. 2, 11, 24:proficisci contra,
to march against, Liv. 1, 11, 3; 8, 2, 5:auxilium ferre Rutulis contra Latinos,
Plin. 14, 12, 14, § 88:juvare aliquem contra,
Caes. B. C. 1, 35:consilium inire contra Sequanos,
to take hostile measures against, id. B. G. 6, 12.—Of legal contention (more freq. adversus, except with verbs of saying).(α).In gen., with agere or causam agere, to act as counsel against a party or his attorney:(β).cum agerem contra hominem disertissimum nostrae civitatis,
Cic. Caecin. 33, 97; id. Brut. 63, 226; Sen. Ben. 4, 15, 3; Quint. 11, 1, 59.—Causam recipere or suscipere contra, to accept a retainer against:(causam) quam receperam contra pueros Octavios,
Cic. Att. 13, 49, 1; Quint. 6, 1, 12; Plin. Ep. 4, 17, 1.—Adesse alicui contra, to appear, act as one's counsel against:rogavit me Caecilius ut adessem contra Satrium,
Cic. Att. 1, 1, 3; Plin. Ep. 1, 7, 5 al.; cf.:esse contra,
id. ib. 1, 18, 3.— Trop.: conquesturus venit;at contra se adfuit et satisfacienti satisfecit,
Sen. Fragm. Amic. 14, 1, 89:causam defendere contra,
against the accuser, Cic. de Or. 1, 39, 178:statuere contra aliquem (sc. causam),
to establish a case against an adversary, id. Or. 10, 34:actio competit contra,
Dig. 49, 14, 41:querelam instituere contra,
ib. 5, 2, 21, § 1:bonorum possessionem petere contra,
ib. 5, 2, 23:jus obtinere contra,
Cic. Quint. 9, 34:pugnare contra,
to struggle against the accuser, id. Sull. 17, 49; id. Verr. 1, 11, 33:id quod mihi contra illos datum est,
i. e. a local advantage over, id. Tull. 14, 33:judicare contra aliquem,
id. Fl. 20, 48; Dig. 21, 2, 55; 5, 2, 14; Just. Inst. 4, 17, 2:pronuntiare contra,
Paul. Sent. 5, 34, 2: dare sententiam contra, Dig. 21, 2, 56, § 1:decernere contra,
Cic. Fl. 31, 76:appellare contra aliquem,
Dig. 49, 1, 3; 49, 5, 6; cf.:contra sententiam,
Cod. Just. 7, 62, 32, § 2.—Sentire contra aliquem, to have an opinion unfavorable to:cur vos (cum) aliquid contra me sentire dicatis, etc.,
Cic. Caecin. 27, 79.—Venire contra aliquem, to appear as counsel for one's adversary:(γ).quid tu, Saturi, qui contra hunc venis, existimas aliter?
Cic. Rosc. Com. 6, 18; id. Mur. 4, 9; id. Phil. 8, 6, 18.—Venire contra rem alicujus, to give advice damaging one's interests:contra rem suam me venisse questus est,
Cic. Phil. 2, 2, 3.—With dicere and other verbs of saying. (aa) Of a lawyer pleading against a lawyer:d.ipse ille Mucius, quid in illa causa cum contra te diceret, attulit quod? etc.,
Cic. de Or. 1, 57, 244:cum ille contra me pro Sex. Naevio diceret,
id. Brut. 60, 2, 7; id. de Or. 2, 7, 30; id. Rosc. Am. 15, 45; id. Div. in Caecil. 14, 44; id. Planc. 2, 5; id. Brut. 26, 102; so,causam dicere,
id. Or. 2, 23, 98:causam perorare,
id. Quint. 24, 77.—(bb) Of a lawyer's pleading against the parties: dic mihi, M. Pinari, num si contra te dixero mihi male dicturus es? Servil. ap. Cic. de Or. 2, 65, 261; 3, 34, 138; 1, 14, 60; id. Or. 35, 123; Quint. 11, 1, 57; cf. with ellipsis of acc.:quorum alter pro Aufldia, contra dixit alter,
id. 10, 1, 22.—(ng) Of a party against a lawyer:si Gaditani contra me dicerent,
if the Gaditani were my adversaries, Cic. Balb. 17, 38.—(dd) Of witnesses and experts, and the pleadings against them:si decressent legationem quae contra istum diceret,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 4, § 12: contra testes dicere (opp. a testibus or pro testibus). Auct. Her. 2, 6, 9; Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 118 (cf.:testimonium in aliquem dicere,
id. Sull. 17, 48; Quint. 7, 4, 36):contra juris consultos dicere,
against their legal opinions, Cic. Caecin. 24, 69.—So of witnesses in scientific questions:contra testes dicendum est,
Sen. Q. N. 7, 16, 1.—(ee) Dicere or contendere aliquid contra aliquem, to maintain a point against:cum interrogamus adversarios... quid contra nos dici possit,
Auct. Her. 4, 23, 33:tamenne vereris ut possis hoc contra Hortensium contendere?
Cic. Quint. 25, 78. —Of literary adversaries, mostly with verbs of saying and writing:e.cum scriberem contra Epicurios,
Cic. Att. 13, 38, 1:contra Epicurum satis superque dictum est,
id. N. D. 2, 1, 2:contra Brutum,
id. Tusc. 5, 8, 21:contra Academiam,
id. Ac. 2, 19, 63; id. Fin. 1, 1, 2; 5, 8, 22; id. Tusc. 5, 11, 32; 5, 30, 84; id. Ac. 2, 4, 17:contra autem omnia disputatur a nostris,
id. Off. 2, 2, 8.—Of public and political adversaries (syn. adversus and in).(α).In gen.:(β).sentire contra,
Cic. Mil. 2, 5:pugnare contra bonos,
id. Sull. 25, 71:contra eos summa ope nitebatur nobilitas,
Sall. C. 38, 2; Cic. Sest. 19, 42; 52, 112:(tribuni) qui aut contra consulem, aut pro studio ejus pugnabant,
Liv. 39, 32, 12.—Of political speaking:f.cum (Cato) eo ipso anno contra Serv. Galbam ad populum summa contentione dixisset,
Cic. Brut. 20, 80; so id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 53; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 1.—Of hostile or criminal acts in gen. (syn.:2.adversus, in): inire consilia contra,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 110; id. Cat. 1, 7, 18:manum comparare contra aliquem,
id. Sull. 24, 68:conjurationem facere,
id. ib. 4, 12:congredi,
id. Lig. 3, 9; Sall. J. 64, 4:aliquid contra imperatorem moliri,
Just. Inst. 4, 18, 3:nec dolor armasset contra sua viscera matrem,
against her own offspring Ov. R. Am. 59.—Facere contra (more freq. with abstr. objects; cf. II. C. 1. f. b infra): nunc te contra Caesarem facere summae stultitiae est, to take parts against, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 16, 2:eae (res) contra nos ambae faciunt,
operate against us, id. Quint. 1, 1.—With verbs of saying, etc.:homo disertus non intellegit, eum quem contra dicit laudari a se?
Cic. Phil. 2, 8, 18; 2, 1, 2; 2, 21, 51; Sen. Ep. 15, 3, 70:epigramma quod contra quamdam Gelliam scripsit,
Lampr. Alex. Sev. 38:disputare contra deos, in two signif.: contra deum licet disputare liberius,
to accuse, reproach a god, Cic. N. D. 3, 31, 76; but: mala et impia consuetudo est contra deos disputandi, to reason against the gods, i. e. against their existence, id. ib. 2, 67, 168.—Predicatively, with esse (videri, etc.), against, injurious to, unfavorable, prejudicial, to one's disadvantage: ut [p. 456] ex senatusconsulto neque cujus intersit, neque contra quem sit intellegi possit, Cic. Mur. 32, 68; id. de Or. 3, 20, 75; 2, 74, 299; 2, 81, 330; id. Sull. 13, 39; Sen. Ben. 6, 31, 6:3.licentiam malis dare certe contra bonos est,
injurious to, Quint. 4, 2, 75:res contra nos est, of unfavorable chances in a lawsuit,
id. 4, 66, 1; 4, 2, 75; 5, 13, 32.—Often, contra aliquem = quod est contra aliquem, referring to indef. pronouns or adjectives:nihil contra me fecit odio mei = nihil quod esset contra me,
Cic. Har. Resp. 3, 5; id. Off. 3, 31, 112:quibus (temporibus) aliquid contra Caesarem Pompeio suaserim,
id. Phil. 2, 10, 24.—Added adverb. to the predicate, mostly referring to purpose, with hostile intent, for the purpose of some hostile act, in order to oppose, in opposition:4.Caesarine eam (provinciam) tradituri fuistis, an contra Caesarem retenturi?
or keep it against Caesar, Cic. Lig. 7, 23:sero enim resistimus ei quem per annos decem aluimus contra nos,
id. Att. 7, 5, 5:judicium illud pecunia esse temptatum non pro Cluentio, sed contra Cluentium,
id. Clu. 4, 9; id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 52; id. Ac. 2, 28, 92:cum quae facitis ejusmodi sint ut ea contra vosmet ipsos facere videamini,
id. Rosc. Am. 36, 104; Sen. Ep. 3, 7, 3: Curio se contra eum totum parat, i. e. to speak against him, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 10; Caes. B. C. 1, 85 ter; Sen. Q. N. 1, 7, 1; Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 192; Plin. Pan. 41.—So with the force of a temporal clause:fidem meam quam essent contra Massam Baebium experti,
in the suit against, Plin. Ep. 3, 4, 4.—Dependent on adjectives (rare):5.contra se ipse misericors,
to his own injury, Phaedr. 4, 18, 3:severissimus judex contra fures,
Lampr. Alex. Sev. 28.—With nouns.a.Acc. to 1. b.:b.ut quam maximae contra Hannibalem copiae sint,
Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17; cf. Vell. 2, 76, 3.—Acc. to 1. c. and 1. e.; so esp., oratio contra (cf.: oratio in).(α).Oratio contra (never in), of an address against the counsel of a party or against the prosecutor:(β).quid in omni oratione Crassus vel apud centumviros contra Scaevolam, vel contra accusatorem Brutum, cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?
Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220; cf.:Cato pro se contra Cassium = in oratione contra,
Gell. 10, 15, 3; so,haec perpetua defensio contra Scaevolam,
Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 221:orationem illam egregiam quam (Aeschines) in Ctesiphontem contra Demosthenem dixerat,
id. ib. 3, 56, 213.—Of an address against the party, either in judicial or political affairs:c.unam orationem contra Gracchum reliquit,
Cic. Brut. 26, 99:(Demosthenis) oratio contra Leptinem... contra Aeschinem falsae legationis,
id. Or. 31, 111; Gell. 10, 24, 10; 10, 18, 91; Cic. Brut. 46, 169; Quint. 12, 10, 61; Cic. de Or. 2, 11, 45; id. Brut. 44, 164; Gell. 13, 25 (24), 15; cf. Quint. 4, 3, 13; 11, 2, 25.—Acc. to 1. f.:C.contra patres concitatio et seditio,
Cic. Brut. 14, 56.—Of animals:contra volpium genus communibus inimicitiis,
Plin. 10, 76, 96, § 207.With inanimate and abstract objects.1.Directly dependent on verbs (cf. B. 1.).a.Of physical or moral exertion:b.cum fulmina contra Tot paribus streperet clipeis,
Verg. A. 10, 567:pugnandum tamquam contra morbum, sic contra senectutem,
Cic. Sen. 11, 35:contra verum niti,
Sall. J. 35, 8:contra fortunam luctari,
Sen. Ben. 7, 15, 2; id. Brev. Vit. 10, 1; id. Ep. 78, 15; 99, 32; cf. Cic. Off. 1, 31, 110.—Of warfare (lit. and trop.):c.bellum contra aras, focos, vitam fortunasque gerere,
Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1:bellum gerimus... contra arma verbis,
id. Fam. 12, 22, 1.—So of logical contradictions:artificis autem est invenire in actione adversarii quae semet ipsa pugnent,
Quint. 5, 13, 30.—Of legal contention.(α).Of the actions of the counsel or prosecutor: dicere, or perorare, agere contra aliquid, to plead against, contest something:(β).contra argumenta, rumores, tabulas, quaestiones (opp. ab argumentis, etc.),
Auct. Her. 2, 6, 9 sqq.; Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 118:contra ratiocinationem,
id. Inv. 2, 50, 153: contra scriptum dicere, to contest, controvert a written law or a document, id. ib. 2, 47, 138; 2, 48, 143; id. Brut. 39, 145; Quint. 7, 7, 1:contra caput dicere,
to plead against life, Cic. Quint. 13, 44 (cf.:servum in caput domini interrogare,
Paul. Sent. 1, 1, 34; 5, 16, 5 and 8; 5, 46, 3): contra libertatem agere, Dig. 40, 12, 26.—Pregn.:contra rerum naturam, contraque consuetudinem hominum dicere (opp. contra nos dicere),
Cic. Rosc. Am. 15, 45.—Of judicial decisions contradicting documents, etc.:(γ).contra tabulas judicare,
Cic. de Or. 2, 70, 281:contra testamentum,
Dig. 2, 17, § 1:contra sententiam dicere,
ib. 49, 8, 1, § 2.—Admittere aliquem contra bona, to admit a petition for bonorum possessio (cf.:d.inmittere in bona),
Dig. 38, 2, 3, § 6.—Of antagonism in literary and ethical questions.(α).To contend that something is false:(β).dicere, disputare, disserere contra opinionem or sententiam,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 4, 8; 5, 19, 55; id. de Or. 3, 18, 67; id. Fin. 5, 4, 10; id. Ac. 2, 18, 60; Sen. Ira, 1, 3, 3; id. Ep. 87, 5; 102, 5 (cf.:in sententiam dicere,
in support of an opinion, Caes. B. G. 1, 45):contra sensus dicere,
Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 101:contra rhetoricen dicere,
Quint. 2, 17, 40.—Of criticism, hostility to principles, etc.:(γ).contra Iliadem et Odysseam scribere,
Vitr. 7, praef. 8:contra quorum disciplinam ingenium ejus exarserat,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83.—Ethically:e.contra voluptatem dicere,
that pleasure is a moral evil, Cic. Fin. 5, 8, 21:contra mortem loqui,
that death is no evil, Sen. Ep. 82, 7;in both senses: contra vitia, pericula, fortunam, ambitionem,
id. ib. 100, 10:contra fortunam gloriari,
that fortune has no power over him, Cic. Tusc. 5, 9, 26; Sen. Ep. 26, 5.—Of public and political acts and speeches:f.contra potentiam accusatorum dicere,
Cic. Brut. 44, 164:contra legem dicere or verba facere,
id. Imp. Pomp. 15, 53; Liv. 34, 8, 1:rogationem ferre contra coloniam ( = contra legem de colonia deducenda),
Cic. Clu. 51, 140; Auct. Her. 1, 17, 21; Plin. 8, 17, 24, § 64.—Of hostility, injury, wrongs, etc.(α).In gen.:(β).senatusconsulto quod contra dignitatem tuam fieret,
directed against, Cic. Fam. 12, 29, 2:contra rem publicam se commovere,
id. Cat. 1, 26; 1, 3, 7:incitari,
id. Sest. 47, 100:consilia inire,
id. Agr. 2, 3, 8:conjurationem facere,
Sall. C. 30, 6:contra salutem urbis incitari,
Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 20:cogitare aliquid contra salutem,
id. ib. 3, 9, 21: contra voluntatem or studium dicere, to oppose one's will in a speech:esse aliquem in civitate qui contra ejus (Chrysogoni) voluntatem dicere auderet,
id. Rosc. Am. 22, 60; id. Phil. 1, 11, 28; id. de Or. 3, 34, 138; id. Mur. 4, 10; Tac. H. 2, 91:ne quid contra aequitatem contendas, ne quid pro injuria,
do not array yourself against equity, Cic. Off. 2, 20, 71.— Trop.:quis non contra Marii arma, contra Suliae proscriptionem irascitur? ( = Mario propter arma, Sullae propter proscriptionem),
Sen. Ira, 2, 2, 3.—In partic.: facere contra aliquid (syn. adversus), to commit an offence against, to transgress, etc.:2.si quis ad Antonium profectus esset... senatus existimaturum eum contra rem publicam fecisse,
Cic. Phil. 8, 11, 33; id. Mil. 5, 13; 6, 14; id. Off. 3, 10, 43; 3, 25, 95; S. C. ap. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 6; Liv. 25, 4, 7; so,contra salutem rei publicae facere,
Cic. Dom. 38, 102:contra majestatem,
against the emperor, Dig. 48, 4, 5:contra leges,
Cic. Dom. 18, 48; id. Vatin. 7, 18; id. Fin. 2, 17, 55; id. Mur. 32, 67; id. de Or. 3, 19, 70; cf. id. Clu. 34, 92; id. Mur. 32, 68; id. Dom. 14, 38; id. Phil. 10, 6, 13; Gai Inst. 4, 121:contra edictum (praetoris),
Cic. Verr 2, 3, 10, § 25; Dig. 39, 1, 20, § 1:contra foedus,
Cic. Balb. 6, 16:contra jusjurandum ac fidem,
id. Off. 3, 10, 43; id. Lael. 3, 30, 74; id. Verr. 2, 3, 3, § 7; Prop. 3, 30, 44 (2, 32, 44).—And ironically:tune contra Caesaris nutum (sc. facies)?
Cic. Att. 14, 10, 1.—Rarely contra ea facere = contra facere, adverb. (cf. I. B. 8. and II. E. 1. b.):corpus in civitatem inferri non licet... et qui contra ea fecerit, extra ordinem punitur,
Paul. Sent. 1, 21, 2; 1, 21, 12.—Predicatively with esse (usu. impers.), in violation of, in conflict with, contrary to (cf. 3. g).(α).With esse expressed as the predicate:(β).hominem hominis incommodo suum augere commodum magis est contra naturam quam mors,
Cic. Off. 3, 5, 21; id. Fin. 3, 9, 31; id. N. D. 3, 13, 33; Sen. Ep. 5, 4; Plin. 7, 8, 6, § 45:contra leges or legem est,
Cic. Pis. 13, 30; id. Mur. 32, 67:contra officium est,
id. Off. 3, 10, 43; 1, 10, 32; 1, 6, 19; cf. id. Lael. 11, 39; id. Off. 3, 15, 63; Liv. 6, 40, 5; Sen. Q. N. 2, 37, 2; Gai Inst. 3, 157; Dig. 30, 1, 112, § 3; 16, 3, 1, § 7.—With ellipsis of object (naturam), Cic. Fin. 5, 29, 89; cf.:adeo res ista non habet ullam moram quae contra causas ignium sit,
unfavorable to the formation of fire, Sen. Q. N. 2, 26, 7.—With verbal predicate, referring to an indef. pron. or adj., with esse understood:(γ).scis hunc... nihil umquam contra rem tuam cogitasse ( = nihil quod contra rem tuam esset),
Cic. Rosc. Am. 50, 147; id. Mil. 5, 13:aliquid contra animum audiendi,
something against our liking, Sen. Const. 19, 2.—So mostly with facere:si quid Socrates aut Aristippus contra morem consuetudinemque fecerint,
Cic. Off. 1, 41, 148; id. Att. 3, 23, 2; 2, 22, 2; id. Off. 3, 15, 63; Sall. C. 15, 1; Dig. 8, 2, 11; 8, 2, 17; 35, 1, 79, § 2. —Contra officium, substantively, = id quod contra officium est:3.Sic inter recte factum atque peccatum, officium et contra officium, media locabat quaedam,
Cic. Ac. 1, 10, 37.—Adverbially with the predicate.(α).In order to oppose, in opposition to, with hostile intent (cf. B. 3.):(β).eidem illam proscriptionem capitis mei contra salutem rei publicae rogatam esse dicebant,
that the proposal of the law was an attack on the republic, Cic. Prov. Cons. 19, 45; id. Rab. Perd. 12, 35; id. Phil. 10, 10, 22:imperator contra postulata Bocchi nuntios mittit,
to reply to the demands, Sall. J. 83, 3; 25, 6; so,advocare contra,
Sen. Cons. Polyb. 12, 4; id. Ep. 15, 2, 52:si contra mortem te praeparaveris,
to meet death, id. ib. 11, 3, 8.—With the force of a clause of manner, injuriously to, etc.:(γ).quibus contra valetudinis commodum laborandum est,
Cic. Mur. 23, 47; Suet. Aug. 78:contra hominis salutem,
with danger to a man's life, Cod. Just. 7, 62, 29.—In gen., of conflict with some rule or principle, contrary to, in violation of, without regard to ( = ita ut contra sit; cf. 2. supra; very freq. from the class. period;4.syn. adversus): ceperitne pecunias contra leges P. Decius,
Cic. de Or. 2, 31, 136; id. Verr. 2, 1, 4, § 10; id. Fl. 34, 86:pecuniam contra leges auferre,
id. Verr. 1, 18, 56; 2, 1, 10, § 27; 2, 5, 18, § 46; id. Har. Resp. 26, 56:contra legem,
id. Rab. Perd. 3, 8; id. Dom. 16, 41:contra jus fasque,
id. Har. Resp. 16, 34; id. Quint. 6, 28:contra jus,
Liv. 5, 4, 14; id. Dom. 13, 55; id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 34:contra jus gentium,
Liv. 4, 32, 5; 9, 10, 10; 21, 25, 7; 5, 36, 6;6, 1, 6: contra juris rigorem,
Dig. 40, 5, 24, § 10 et saep.:contra testimonium aliquid judicare,
without regard to, Cic. Brut. 31, 117:aliquid contra verecundiam disputare,
contrary to the rules of decency, id. Off. 1, 35, 128:aliquid contra fidem constituere,
Quint. 5, 13, 34:quae majores nostri contra lubidinem animi sui recte atque ordine fecere,
contrary to the dictates of passion, Sall. C. 51, 4; id. J. 33, 1; cf. of logical opposition, II. E. 2. infra.—Dependent on substt.a.Of physical strife:b.scit ille imparem sibi luctatum contra nexus (draconis),
Plin. 8, 12, 12, § 33. —Of warfare:c.imperatorum copia contra tuum furorem,
Cic. Mur. 39, 83:Parthorum gloria contra nomen Romanum,
Liv. 9, 18, 6: in castris perditorum contra patriam, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 23, 6.—Of legal contention:d.causa contra scriptum,
Cic. Inv. 2, 46, 135.—Of political speaking:e.divina M. Tullii eloquentia contra leges agrarias,
Quint. 2, 16, 7; 9, 3, 50; Gell. 18, 7, 7.—Of literary opposition:f.Caesaris vituperatio contra laudationem meam,
Cic. Att. 12, 40, 1.—Of hostility, etc.:g.cujus factum, inceptum, conatumve contra patriam,
Cic. Cat. 2, 12, 27:ullum factum dictumve nostrum contra utilitatem vestram,
Liv. 6, 40, 5.—Of injury:h.vitae cupiditas contra rem publicam,
Cic. Planc. 37, 90: contra serpentes venenum, fatal to serpents, or as a defence against serpents, Plin. 7, 2, 2, § 15.—Of violation, disregard, etc. (cf. 3. g):5.iter contra senatus auctoritatem,
Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 48:contra consuetudinem somnium,
Plin. 10, 77, 98, § 211:bonorum possessio contra tabulas,
Dig. 37, 4, 3, § 13; Gai Inst. 3, 41.—Dependent on adjectives (very rare; cf.D.II. D. 2. c. infra): contraque patris impii regnum impotens, avum resolvam,
Sen. Herc. Fur. 966.Of defence, protection, and resistance (syn.: adversus, ab).1.Against persons.a.Dependent on verbs:b.cum populus Romanus suam auctoritatem vel contra omnes qui dissentiunt possit defendere,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 22, 63: si ego consul rem publicam [p. 457] contra te et gregales tuos defendissem, id. Sest. 52, 111; 22, 49; 8, 20; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45:contra quem multum omnes boni providerunt,
provided a great defence, id. Mur. 38, 81: formula qua utitur patronus contra libertum qui eum in jus vocat, as a defence against, Gai Inst. 4, 46. —And of protection of plants against injurious animals:contra haec animalia proderit, si, etc.,
Pall. 10, 3, 2.—Dependent on adjectives, mostly participial:2.paratus contra,
Cic. Mil. 21, 56:nihil satis firmum contra Metellum,
Sall. J. 80, 1:contra potentes nemo est munitus satis,
Phaedr. 2, 6, 1.—Against inanimate and abstract things.a.Dependent on verbs:b.contra avium morsus munitur vallo aristarum,
Cic. Sen. 15, 51:propugnaculum, quo contra omnes meos impetus usurum se putat,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 16, § 40; 2, 5, 39, § 102:publicam causam contra vim armatam suscipere,
id. Dom. 34, 91; id. Quint. 30, 94; id. Leg. 3, 3, 9:contra tantas difficultates providere,
Sall. J. 90, 1; 76, 4; so,contra ea,
id. ib. 57, 5:patricii vi contra vim resistunt,
Liv. 3, 13, 4; Plin. 14, 2, 4, § 28; Tac. Agr. 45; Sen. Prov. 4, 12; id. Const. 5, 4.—Dependent on substt.:c.suffragia contra oppugnationem vestrae majestatis,
Cic. Rab. Perd. 12, 35:defensio contra vim,
id. Mil. 5, 14:patronus justitiae fuit contra orationem Phili,
id. Lael. 7, 25; Plin. 29, 2, 9, § 30; 14, 3, 4, § 40:contra labores patientia,
id. 23, 1, 22, § 37.—Dependent on adjectives (in Cic. freq. with P. a. predicatively used; otherwise very rare;3.in later prose freq.): nec est quidquam Cilicia contra Syriam munitius,
against an attack from the side of Syria, Cic. Fam. 14, 4, 4:ut nullius res tuta, nullius domus clausa, nullius vita saepta, nullius pudicitia munita contra tuam cupiditatem posset esse,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 15, § 39; id. Fin. 1, 16, 51; id. Mil. 25, 67; id. Tusc. 5, 8, 19; 5, 27, 76:vir contra audaciam firmissimus,
id. Rosc. Am. 30, 85; Sall. J. 33, 2; 28, 5:fortis contra dolorem,
Sen. Ep. 98, 18; Quint. 12, 1, 10:callosus,
Plin. 11, 37, 54, § 147; 14, 2, 4, § 23:far contra hiemes firmissimum,
id. 18, 8, 19, § 83:equus tenax contra vincula,
Ov. Am. 3, 4, 13:contraque minantia fata pervigil,
Claud. I. Cons. Stil. 1, 284.—Of remedies against sickness and its causes, poison, etc.; so only in Plin.; in Pall. only of preventives and of protection against hurtful animals, and against mental perturbations in gen.; cf. infra (syn. ad in Cat., Cic., Cels., Col.; adversus only in Celsus, who also has in with abl.).(α).Dependent on verbs:(β).cujus et vinum et uva contra serpentium ictus medetur,
Plin. 14, 18, 22, § 117; 7, 2, 2, § 13:prodest et contra suspiria et tussim,
id. 20, 13, 50, § 128:valet potum contra venena,
id. 28, 7, 21, § 74; 29, 4, 22, § 71; 29, 4, 26, § 81; 28, 8, 27, § 98; 16, 37, 71, § 180; 35, 6, 14, § 34; 28, 6, 18, §§ 65-67.—Dependent on substt.:(γ).remedium contra morsus,
Plin. 8, 32, 50, § 118; 10, 59, 79, § 163:contra venena esse omnia remedio,
id. 16, 44, 95, § 251; 17, 24, 37, § 240; 7, 1, 1, § 4.—Dependent on adjectives:(δ).vinum quod salutare contra pestilentiam sit,
Pall. 11, 14, 17.—Appositively, as a remedy:E.cujus lacteum succum miris laudibus celebrat... contra serpentes et venena,
Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 16; 29, 4, 26, § 83. —So of remedies against affections:Tiberium tonante caelo coronari ea (lauro) solitum ferunt contra fulminum metus,
Plin. 15, 30, 40, § 135; cf. Sen. Ira, 2, 21, 1; id. Tranq. 5. 1.Of logical opposition.1.With a neuter demonstrative (contra ea, contra haec, contra quae, quod contra = contra, adv.).a.The contrary, the reverse (very rare; cf.b.I. D. 1.): sed mihi contra ea videtur,
but to me the contrary seems true, Sall. J. 85, 1:omnia quae contra haec sunt, omnia quae contra sunt,
and vice versa, Quint. 5, 10, 90. —Contra ea, on the contrary, in logical antithesis (not in Cic. and Sall.; once in Caes. and Quint.; several times in Liv. and Nep.; cf.: contra ea, in other uses, II. A. 2. e. a, II. D. 2. a., II. A. 3. d., II. C. 1. f.):c.omnes arderent cupiditate pugnandi... contra ea Caesar... spatiumque interponendum... putabat ( = at contra),
but Caesar on the contrary, Caes. B. C. 3, 74: superbe ab Samnitibus... legati prohibiti commercio sunt;contra ea benigne ab Siculorum tyrannis adjuti,
Liv. 4, 52, 6; 2, 60, 1; 21, 20, 6;44, 43, 5: pater... Thracem me genuit, contra ea mater Atheniensem,
Nep. Iphicr. 3, 4; id. praef. 6; id. Alcib. 8, 1.—And after a question, with immo (cf. I. E. 5. b.):an infirmissimi omnium... (sumus)? Immo contra ea vel viribus nostris, vel, etc., tuti (sumus),
Liv. 41, 24, 8.—Quod contra, by anastrophe (v. F. 1.), contrary to which, whereas, while on the contrary (only once in Lucr. and three times in Cic.):2.illud in his rebus vereor ne forte rearis, Inpia te rationis inire elementa viamque indugredi sceleris: quod contra saepius illa Religio peperit scelerosa atque impia facta,
whereas on the contrary, Lucr. 1, 81:cujus a me corpus crematum est, quod contra decuit ab illo meum (sc. cremari),
Cic. Sen. 23, 84:quod contra oportebat delicto dolere, correctione gaudere,
id. Lael. 24, 90 (B. and K. place a comma after oportebat; cf.Nauck ad loc.): reliquum est ut eum nemo judicio defenderit: quod contra copiosissime defensum esse contendi,
id. Quint. 28, 87 (many consider contra in all these passages as an adverb; cf. Hand, Turs. II. p. 121 sq.; some explain quod as an ancient ablative, = qua re;v. Ritschl,
Plaut. Exc. p. 57, Munro ad Lucr. 1, 82).—With an abstract noun, with the force of the adverb contra with ac or atque (I. F. 1.), contrary to, contrary to what, etc. (esp. in Sall., not in Cic.; cf. praeter): celeriter contraque omnium opinionem confecto itinere, contrary to the opinion ( = contra ac rati erant), Caes. B. G. 6, 30:F.contra opinionem Jugurthae ad Thalam perveniunt,
Sall. J. 75, 9; Hirt. B. G. 8, 40.—Contra spem either contrary to the opinion, or against the hope:Metellus contra spem suam laetissume excipitur ( = contra ac ratus, veritus est),
Sall. J. 88, 1; so,cetera contra spem salva invenit,
Liv. 9, 23, 17:contra spem omnium L. Furium optavit,
id. 6, 25, 5; Curt. 8, 4, 45;but: at Jugurtha contra spem nuntio accepto ( = contra ac speraverat),
Sall. J. 28, 1; Liv. 24, 45, 3:postquam... Jugurtha contra timorem animi praemia sceleris adeptum sese videt,
Sall. J. 20, 1:ipse in Numidiam procedit, ubi contra belli faciem tuguria plena hominumque... erant ( = contra ac in bello evenire solet),
id. ib. 46, 5:contra famam,
Plin. 13, 22, 43, § 126; 7, 53, 54, § 180:segniterque et contra industriam absconditae formicae,
slowly, and in a manner different from their usual activity, id. 18, 35, 88, § 364.—Of persons:frigidam potionem esse debere, contra priores auctores, Asclepiades confirmavit,
contrary to the opinion of the former physicians, Cels. 4, 26 (19).Sometimes by anastrophe after its noun.1.In prose, after relatives, esp. in Cic.:2.quos contra disputant,
Cic. Ac. 2, 15, 47:quem contra dicit,
id. Phil. 2, 8, 18 (v. II. B. 1. f.):quem contra veneris,
id. Mur. 4, 9:quas contra, praeter te, etc.,
id. Vatin. 7, 18:eos ipsos quos contra statuas,
id. Or. 10, 34:quos contra me senatus armavit,
id. Att. 10, 8, 8:quam contra multa locutus est,
Sen. Ep. 82, 7, Plin. Ep. 1, 23, 3; Claud. in Rufin. 1, 332; v. also E. 1. c. supra.—After other words ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):hunc igitur contra mittam contendere causam,
Lucr. 4, 471:dicere eos contra,
id. 4, 484:donique eum contra,
id. 5, 708:agmina contra,
Verg. A. 12, 279:magnum Alciden contra,
id. ib. 5, 414:Paridem contra,
id. ib. 5, 370:Italiam contra,
id. ib. 1, 13:deos contra,
Ov. P. 1, 1, 26:Messania moenia contra,
id. M. 14, 17:litora Calabriae contra,
Tac. A. 3, 1. -
14 contra dicta
contrā, adv. and prep. [stem con, i. e. cum, through a comparative form conter; cf.: alter, uter, inter, praeter, etc.; in abl. fem. form like the locative adverbs ea, qua, etc.; cf.: ultra, intra, extra, citra], orig., in comparison with; hence, over against, fronting, in front, opposite, in opposition to, against, contrary to, opposed to, etc.I.Adv. (referring to an opposed object often with the force of a preposition with ellipsis of a pronoun, = against it, against him, etc.).A.Local.1.Lit., of position in front of a person, place, or thing.a.With verb of being or position expressed or understood.(α).Referring to living beings, opposite, in face of, face to face, facing, in front of, fronting, confronting (not in Cic., Caes., or Sall.):(β).feminam scelestam te, adstans contra, contuor,
Plaut. Pers. 2, 2, 26:ut confidenter mihi contra adstitit,
id. Capt. 3, 5, 6; Lucr. 4, 223; 6, 929:signum contra, quoad longissume oculi ferebant, animo finivit,
Liv. 1, 18, 8:stat contra starique jubet,
Juv. 3, 290:stat contra dicitque tibi tua pagina Fures!
Mart. 1, 55, 12:ulmus erat contra,
in front of her, Ov. M. 14, 661:templa vides contra,
in front (of us), id. ib. 7, 587.—Of position in front of the enemy:contra conserta manu,
Plaut. Mil. 1, 1, 3: contra consistere, to make front against them, Caes. B. G. 2, 17.—Referring to things and places, over against (it), opposite (to it), on the opposite side (mostly post-Aug.):b.contra jacet Cancer patulam distentus in alvum,
Manil. 2, 253:posita contra Hispania,
Tac. Agr. 11:promuntorium quod contra procedit,
Plin. 4, 2, 3, § 6: relinquendae autem contra erunt vacuae tabellae, on the opposite side, i. e. of the leaf, Quint. 10, 3, 32: illo quaerente cur non decidant contra siti, the antipodes (cf. Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123; v. II. A. 1. c. a), Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 161.—With the governing verb understood:arguam hanc vidisse apud te contra conservum meum,
face to face, Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 91:jam omnia contra circaque hostium plena erant, Liv 5, 37, 8: eadem verba contra (i. e. ponuntur),
side by side, Quint. 9, 3, 36; Verg. A. 6, 23.—With verbs of motion, so as to be opposite to an object or face to face with a person, variously rendered.(α).Referring to persons:(β).accede ad me atque adi contra,
come right up to me, Plaut. Rud. 1, 4, 23; id. Bacch. 3, 6, 6: hostes crebri cadunt; nostri contra ingruunt, advance to their front (in Plaut. hostility is not implied in contra), id. Am. 1, 1, 84: quis nos pater aut cognatu' volet contra tueri, face to face, eye to eye, Enn. ap. Varr. L. L. 7, § 12 Mull. (Trag. Rel. v. 444 Rib.); Att. ap. Macr. S. 6, 1, 55 (Trag. Rel. v. 538 ib.):adspicedum contra me = contra adspice me,
Plaut. Most. 5, 1, 56 Lorenz ad lec.:contra adspicere,
id. Mil. 2, 1, 45:contra intueri,
Liv. 1, 16, 6; 9, 6, 8; Sen. Q. N. 1, 3, 6:cum veniret contra Marcianus,
Quint. 6, 3, 95; Plin. 9, 46, 70, § 152.—Of things:2.hic ubi sol radiis... Adversa fulsit nimborum aspergine contra,
Lucr. 6, 525; Cels. 8, 8, 1:quam (turrim) promoti contra validi asseres... perfregere,
Tac. H. 4, 30.—Reciprocally: oscula non pervenientia contra, not coming through (the wall) so as to meet, Ov. M. 4, 80.—Transf. to equivalents of weight, value, and price; so,(α).In Plaut. only in the colloq. phrases auro contra, aurichalco contra, and contra auro (sc. posito); lit., for gold placed against; cf.:(β).aes contrarium, s. v. contrarius: (servus) non carus'st auro contra,
at his weight in gold, Plaut. Ep. 3, 3, 30: jam auro contra constat filius, id. Truc. 2, 6, 57 (Speng. aurichalco): auro contra cedo modestum amatorem! A me aurum accipe. Pa. Cedo mihi contra aurichalco quoi ego sano serviam, id. Curc. 1, 3, 45 sq.; id. Mil. 3, 1, 63; 4, 2, 85; id. Ps. 2, 3, 23.—In post-Aug. prose (very rare):3.at si aquae et ejus rei quam contra pensabis par pondus erit, nec pessum ibit, nec exstabit, etc.,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 5.—Of reciprocal actions, = vicissim, in turn, in return, back, on my, his, etc., part, likewise, counter-.(α).In gen.:(β).te ut deludam contra, lusorem meum,
Plaut. Am. 2, 2, 71:quae me amat, quam ego contra amo,
id. Merc. 5. 2, 77; id. Cist. 1, 1, 96; id. Trin. 4, 2, 55; id. As. 2, 2, 110:qui arguat se, eum contra vincat jurejurando suo,
make a victorious counter-charge, id. Mil. 2, 2, 37:si laudabit haec Illius formam, tu hujus contra (i. e. lauda),
Ter. Eun. 3, 1, 54:audi nunc contra jam,
listen in turn, id. Phorm. 4, 4, 18; id. Ad. 5, 4, 23:at tu mihi contra nunc videre fortunatus, Phaedria, Cui, etc.,
you likewise seem fortunate to me, id. Phorm. 1, 3, 21:Mettius Tullo gratulatur, contra Tullus Mettium benigne alloquitur,
Liv. 1, 28, 1:contra ut me diligat illa,
Cat. 76. 23; Hor. S. 1, 3, 27 Orell. ad loc.—Hence, with ellipsis of inquit, = respondit:cui latrans contra senex,
Phaedr. 5, 10, 7:scietis, inquam, etc., contra Nigrinus: ad quem missi sunt? ego, etc.,
Plin. Ep. 7, 6, 4.—Rarely with inquit, etc., expressed: at ille contra, renidens, Audi, inquit, discipule, etc.,
Gell. 15, 9, 9; cf.:contra talia reddit,
Claud. B. Gild. 379.—With dat. pers.:(γ).consulo quem dolum doloso contra conservo parem,
Plaut. Mil. 2, 2, 45:facere contra huic aegre,
Ter. Eun. 4, 1, 10:hiscine contra insidiabere?
id. Hec. 1. 1, 13:tibi contra gratiam Referre,
id. ib. 4, 2, 7.—With item:(δ).item a me contra factum est,
Plaut. Aul. prol. 20:puellam senex Amat et item contra filius,
id. Cas. prol. 49; id. Pers. 5, 2, 36; id. Am. 1, 1, 67; Ter. Ad. 1, 1, 25.—Combining a reciprocal with a local relation (A. 1. a. a, and b. a): contra carinantes verba, exchanging abusive words ( face to face), Enn. ap. Serv. ad Verg. A. 8, 361 (Ann. v. 181 Vahl.): tubae utrimque contra canunt;(ε).Consonat terra,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 73; 1, 1, 86:confer gradum Contra pariter,
id. Ps. 2, 4, 18; id. Truc. 1, 2, 28:video amicam... Ubi contra adspexit me, etc.,
id. Mil. 2, 1, 45; Verg. E. 7, 8; cf. Lucr. 4, 243:vesper adest, juvenes consurgite!... Cernitis, innuptae, juvenes? consurgite contra!
Cat. 62, 6.—Implying also opposition: Pe. Conpellabo. Ph. Orationis aciem contra conferam, Plaut. Ep. 4, 1, 20:B.si scias quod donum huic dono contra comparet,
what counter gift, Ter. Eun. 2, 3, 63: quod Scipio postulavit... ut, etc. Et quod contra collega postulavit ne, etc., Annal. Trib. Pleb. ap. Gell. 7 (6), 19, 5:si vobis aequa et honesta postulatio videtur, ego contra brevem postulationem adfero,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 2, 7; Nep. Epam. 6, 1;Auct. B. Alex. 24: illo licente contra liceri audeat nemo,
to bid in opposition, Caes. B. G. 1, 18; Liv. 4, 53, 6:agedum pauca accipe contra,
Hor. S. 1, 4, 38.—So in battle:Numidae... Romanorum ordines conturbare... neque contra feriundi copia erat,
Sall. J. 50, 4; and in law: et ab eo is qui adoptat vindicat... et illo contra non vindicante, etc., Gai Inst. 1, 134; 2, 24.—Esp. in replies:oratio contra a Demosthene pro Ctesiphonte edita,
Cic. de Or. 3, 56, 213:dicit accusator haec: primum, etc.... quid contra reus?
id. Clu. 30, 81; id. Fin. 5, 22, 63; Curt. 4, 1, 10; 7, 9, 1.Of opposition, strife, etc., against; constr. absol., with dat., and ne, quominus or quin.1.Of physical exertion.(α).Lit.:(β).concurrunt... aetheriae nubes contra pugnantibu' ventis,
struggling against each other, Lucr. 6. 98:nec nos obniti contra... Sufficimus,
bear up, battle against, Verg. A. 5, 21; Ov. M. 9, 50; 2, 434:at ille contra nititur,
resists, Plin. 2, 38, 38, § 103; 7, 20, 19, § 82:pars remigum, tamquam imperitia... officia nautarum impediebant. Mox contra tendere,
rowed in an opposite direction, Tac. H. 4, 16.—Trop.:2.te rogo ne contrahas ac demittas animum, neque te obrui tamquam fluctu... sinas, contraque erigas ac resistas,
Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1, § 4:et torrens judicem vel nitentem contra feret, cogatque ire qua rapiet,
Quint. 12, 10, 61.— With ne: vi contra niti, ne advorsus eum fiat, Cato ap. Gell. 7 (6), 3, 16.—With quominus, Lucr. 1, 780.—Of mental exertion:3.si tibi vera videntur, Dede manus, aut, si falsum est, accingere contra,
arm yourself against them, Lucr. 2, 1043; 2, 280. —With dat.:siti contra... pugnandum,
Cels. 4, 2 fin. —Of hostile opposition in gen.(α).Lit.:(β).quod animadversum est in eo qui contra omni ratione pugnarunt, non debeo reprehendere,
who made opposition in every way, Cic. Rosc. Am. 47, 137; id. Verr. 2, 2, 43, § 107:contra etiam aliquid abs te profectum ex multis audivi,
something inimical, id. Fam. 5, 5, 2.—Trop.:4.aut alio quovis (sc. colore) qui contra pugnet et obstet,
Lucr. 2, 794; 2, 868.—Of warfare.(α).Lit.:(β).ut eos adversarios existimemus qui arma contra ferant,
Cic. Off. 1, 25, 87; 1, 12, 37; Vell. 2, 28, 4; cf.:quid quod exercitum contra duxit?
Auct. Her. 4, 16, 23:ut si qua ex parte obviam contra veniretur, acie instructa depugnarent,
if they should be attacked by an open charge, Caes. B. G. 7, 28:issentque confestim ad urbem ni venire contra exercitum... audissent,
Liv. 7, 39, 17:cum Romanae legiones contra direxerint,
would oppose their march, Tac. H. 4, 58; id. A. 6, 44.—With dat.:et huic contra itum ad amnem Erinden,
Tac. A. 11, 10.—Trop.:5.quod ubi viderunt corvi, contra auxiliantur, velut adversus communem hostem,
Plin. 10, 74, 95, § 205.—Of legal contests.(α).With verbs of saying; v. 9. a.—(β).Venire contra, of any legal act with the intention to hurt the adversary:(γ).quid? si omnium mortalium Sthenio nemo inimicior quam hic C. Claudius... fuit? si de litteris corruptis contra venit, etc.?
if he made a charge of forgery against him? Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 43, § 107; cf. II. B. c. b.—On the part of the adversary:(δ).inveniendum contra est, quo distet haec causa a ceteris,
Quint. 5, 10, 114; 9, 2, 35; 12, 8, 10.—Of judgments against the parties or against opinions:6.ne spoliaret fama probatum hominem si contra judicasset,
given an adverse decision, Cic. Off. 3, 19, 77; cf. Val. Max. 7, 2, 4; Cic. Caecin. 24, 69.—Of literary opposition.(α).Mostly with verbs of saying; v. 9. a. g.—(β).With other verbs:7.astrologorum artem contra convincere tendit,
Lucr. 5, 728:contra nunc illud pone, etc.,
Sen. Ben. 7, 14, 6:habeat (liber meus) etiam quosdam qui contra sentiant et adversentur,
some dissentients and opponents, Quint. 3, 1, 5; 2, 17, 40; 3, 8, 69.—Of public and political opposition.(α).With verbs of saying; v. 9. a. d.—(β).With petere, to be a candidate for office in opposition to another:8.nihil enim supererat de quo certarent, nihil quod contra peterent,
no office was left for which to canvass against each other, Cic. Agr. 2, 33, 91:honores contra petere,
Quint. 6, 1, 17.—With ire, with dat., of an opposing vote in the senate (cf.:pedibus ire): sententia Cassii ut nemo unus contra ire ausus est, ita dissonae voces respondebant,
Tac. A. 14, 45.—Of violation of law, contracts, etc.: contra facere, or contra committere, to violate, transgress a law, etc.: leges esse non ex ejus qui contra commiserit utilitate, spectari oportere, not in the interest of the transgressor, Cic. Inv. 2, 48, 153:9.si quis sub hoc pacto vendiderit ancillam ne prostitueretur, et si contra factum esset,
and if the contract was violated, Dig. 18, 1, 56.—With verbs of saying, etc., contra dicere; less freq. disputare, disserere, pugnare, in the sense of dicere, and contra scribere (often contradico, in one word, in post-Aug. writers; esp. with dat.).a.Absol.(α).Contra dicere, to speak as counsel of the adversary, to plead his cause, in legal proceedings:(β).cum contra dicturus Hortensius esset,
would speak on the other side, Cic. Quint. 24, 77:hoc... contra dicente Cotta judicatum est,
id. Caecin. 33, 97:dixisse ut contra nemo videretur,
id. Brut. 53, 198: ut contra Crassus... exorsus est, began on the other side, id. ib. § 197.—Hence: qui contra dicit, the adversary or counsel of the adversary:contra autem qui dicet, similitudinem infirmare debebit,
Cic. Inv. 2, 50, 151; id. Part. Or. 21, 108.—In the same sense: agens contra: si nos... impares agentium contra ingeniis dixerimus, that we are unequal to the talents of our adversary's counsel, [p. 453] Quint. 4, 1, 8.—To make charges against (rare):(γ).si qui contra vellet dicere, usurum esse eum suo testimonio,
Cic. Clu. 48, 134:qua ratione nemo neque tum item fecerit, neque nunc contra dicat,
id. Quint. 29, 88; so,contra disputare, of objections to or against a witness: nihil contra disputabo priusquam dixerit,
id. Fl. 21, 51.—In gen., to speak on the other side of a question:(δ).fiebat autem ita, ut cum is qui audire vellet dixisset quid sibi videretur, tum ego contra dicerem,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 4, 8; id. Fin. 2, 1, 2; so,contra disputare and contra scribere,
id. Or. 1, 19, 85; Vitr. 3, 1, 6; Quint. 2, 17, 13; Dig. 9, 2, 21, § 1.—Hence: qui contra dicunt or disputant, the opponents:nec qui contra dicunt causam difficilem repellunt,
Cic. Fin. 3, 1, 2:ad coarguendos qui contra disputant,
to refule his opponents, Quint. 2, 15, 26.—To oppose or object to a proposition, motion, or petition:(ε). (ζ).quam palam principes dixerunt contra!
protested against it, Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 16, § 41; Caes. B. C. 1, 32; Cic. Clu. 47, 130.—With pugnare:cum decerneretur frequenti senatu, contra pugnante Pisone, etc.,
Cic. Att. 1, 14, 5:filius ejus incolumitatem optat: contradicit pater,
the father objects, Quint. 9, 2, 85; 9, 2, 83; Plin. ap. Gell. 9, 16, 5; Cic. Dom. 33, 87:contradicente nullo,
Suet. Caes. 20; Dig. 3, 3, 15.—Abl. absol. impers.:b.explorandum videtur an etiam contradicto aliquando judicio consuetudo firmata sit,
whether the custom has been confirmed by judgment upon a judicial contest, Dig. 1, 3, 34.—With acc. neutr. pron., to object, to make or raise an objection, to reply; esp. in legal proceedings:c.ego enim, te disputante, quid contra dicerem meditabar,
Cic. N. D. 3, 1, 1:ut contra si quid dicere velit non audiatur,
id. Fin. 5, 10, 27:aiebat illum primo sane diu multa contra (i. e. dixisse), ad extremum autem, etc.,
id. Att. 2, 22, 2.— Hence: quod contra dicitur, or quae contra dicuntur, the objections:ut et id quod intenderemus confirmare, et id quod contra diceretur refellere (possemus),
refute the objections, Cic. de Or. 1, 20, 90:quia neque reprehendi quae contra dicuntur possunt, etc.,
id. ib. 2, 81, 331; id. Inv. 2, 44, 127; Quint. 1, 2, 17.—In the same sense, as subst.: contrā dicta, orum, n. plur.:seu proposita confirmamus, sive contra dicta dissolvimus,
or refute the objections, Quint. 4, prooem. 6.—With acc. and inf.:dicitur contra, nullum esse testamentum,
the objection is made that there is no testament, Cic. Agr. 2, 6, 42.—With dat., written in one word (post-Aug.).(α).To oppose a person by speaking against his views:(β).solitum se etiam Thraseae contradicere,
to oppose even Thrasea, Tac. H. 2, 91:tibi,
Suet. Aug. 54:Curioni...,
id. Rhet. 1. —Hence of answers and replies in law: quid si filium testatoris heres ejus prohibuit? Huic contradici potest: ergo pietatis, etc., he may be answered by this plea, etc., Dig. 11, 7, 14, § 13.—And of advisory answers opposed to one's legal views:volenti mihi ream adulterii postulare eam, etc., contradictum est,
my views were disapproved, rejected, Dig. 48, 5, 11, § 10.—To oppose an opinion, with dat. of the thing:(γ).cum plures tantum sententiis aliorum contradicerent,
opposed the opinions, Tac. H. 1, 39.—To object to a motion or petition, with dat. of the petitioner:(δ).patrem qui damnavit optat ne is torqueatur: pater ei contradicit,
the father objects, Quint. 9, 2, 81:cum ambienti ut legibus solveretur multi contradicerent,
Suet. Caes. 18; Dig. 40, 5, 14; 40, 12, 33.—With dat. of the petition:(ε).preces erant, sed quibus contradici non posset,
which could not be denied, Tac. H. 4, 46 fin.; Dig. 3, 1, 1, § 2.—To contest the validity of a law (rare):(ζ).quibus (legibus) contradici potest,
Quint. 7, 7, 4.—To contradict an assertion (very rare):d.pro certis autem habemus... cuicunque adversarius non contradicit,
Quint. 5, 10, 13.—With quin, to object:C.praetor Samnitibus respondit... nec contra dici quin amicitia de integro reconcilietur,
there was no objection to a reconciliation, Liv. 8, 2, 2.To one's disadvantage; mostly predic. with esse, unfavorable, adverse, damaging (post-Aug.;D.but cf. II. B. 2.): ut eum qui responsurus est vel tacere, vel etiam invitum id quod sit contra cogat fateri,
Quint. 7, 3, 14:cum verba (legis) contra sint,
id. 7, 1, 49:sed experimentum contra fuit,
unsuccessful, Tac. H. 2, 97 fin.:ubi fortuna contra fuit,
id. ib. 3, 18:si fortuna contra daret,
should be unfavorable, id. ib. 1, 65 fin.; id. A. 15, 13.Of logical opposition, with negative force.1.Of a direct contrast.a.Predicatively, with esse, fieri, etc., the contrary, the opposite:b.quod fieri totum contra manifesta docet res,
but experience teaches that just the contrary is true, Lucr. 3, 686; 4, 1088:in stultitia contra est,
with fools the reverse is true, Cic. Clu. 31, 84:in hac quidem re vereor ne etiam contra (i. e. sit),
id. Att. 12, 46; id. Off. 1, 15, 49:quod contra est,
Sall. J. 85, 21:quis non credat, etc.? Contra autem est,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 12; id. Ep. 7, 3; Dig. 37, 4, 4:contra fore si, etc.,
ib. 34, 2, 39, § 2:immo forsitan et contra (i. e. erit),
ib. 41, 3, 49:ego contra puto (i. e. esse),
Plin. Ep. 1, 20, 7; Lampr. Alex. Sev. 25.—With evenire, accidere, sentire, scribere, habere, etc.:c.utrumque contra accidit: istic enim bellum est exortum, hic pax consecuta,
of both the contrary has happened, Cic. Fam. 12, 18, 2; so Dig. 38, 2, 51:id ego contra puto (sc.: faciendum esse),
id. Att. 10, 8, 2:contra evenit in iis morbis,
Sen. Ep. 52, 7; Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 163:ego contra sentio,
Sen. Clem. 1, 15, 5; Sedig. ap. Gell. 15, 24, 4; Dig. 40, 2, 25:Proculus contra (sc. sentit),
ib. 35, 2, 1, § 14; 33, 7, 25:licet Celsus contra scribat,
ib. 9, 2, 21, § 1: contra probatur, Gai Inst. 2, 78; Dig. 33, 7, 12, § 34.—Very rarely referring to a term in the same clause:cujus disparem mitioremque naturam contra interpretabatur,
interpreted in an opposite sense, misinterpreted, misunderstood, Tac. H. 4, 86 fin. —Referring to a word or phrase in the same predicate.(α).To an adverb, in an opposite manner, otherwise, differently, not, etc.:(β).nam ad summam totius rei pertinet, caute an contra demonstrata res sit,
Cic. de Or. 2, 81, 330: quod viriliter animoque fit, id, etc.;quod contra, id turpe,
id. Off. 1, 27, 94:sit sapienter usus aut contra,
Quint. 2, 5, 15:lactuca locis apricis optume autumno ponitur, mediterraneis aut frigidis contra ( = pessime),
Col. 11, 3, 25.—To a predicative adjective, not, the opposite, the reverse, etc.:(γ).ut aliae (res) probabiles videantur aliae contra,
improbable, Cic. Ac. 2, 32, 103; id. Off. 2, 2, 7:quid est quod me impediat ea quae probabilia mihi videantur sequi, quae contra, improbare,
id. ib. 2, 2, 8; id. Or. 2, 31, 135; Quint. 4, 2, 52.—To a verbal predicate:(δ).an frater fratri exsistat heres, an contra ( = annon),
Dig. 34, 5, 19.—To a subject infinitive:(ε).laudare testem vel contra pertinet ad momentum judiciorum,
praising or censuring a witness, Quint. 3, 7, 2.—To a clause, translated by not or by a repetition of the clause with a negative:(ζ).quae secundum naturam essent, ea sumenda et quadam aestimatione dignanda docebat, contraque contraria,
those that were not, not, Cic. Ac. 1, 10, 36: quod cuidam aut sapiens videor quod una non jerim, aut felix fuisse;mihi contra,
id. Att. 9, 12, 4: an credibile est, incestum cum filia commissum? Et contra, veneficum in noverca, adulterum in luxurioso? and incredible, etc., Quint. 5, 10, 19; so Dig. 9, 1, 2, § 1.—To an attributive genitive:2.Marius cognoscere quid boni utrisque or contra esset (i. e. mali),
Sall. J. 88, 2:verum de origine laudis contraque perspiciemus suo tempore (i. e. vituperationis),
Quint. 2, 4, 21:alii a propositione accusatoris contraque loci oriuntur,
the accuser and the accused, id. 7, 2, 31;so in several titles of the Digests, as Depositi vel contra, = actio depositi, vel contraria actio depositarii,
Dig. 16, 3 tit.; so ib. 16, 17, 1; 16, 13, 6; 16, 13, 7.—Reversing the relation of terms in the preceding sentence, the reverse, conversely, vice versa, etc.a.With its own predicate: saepe... corpus aegret, Cum tamen ex alia laetamur parte latenti;b.Et retro fit uti contra sit saepe vicissim, Cum miser ex animo laetatur corpore toto,
Lucr. 3, 108: illa altera argumentatio, quasi retro et contra, prius sumit, etc., ( proceeding), so to speak, backward and in inverted order, Cic. Part. Or. 13, 46: neque illud ignoro, etc.; sed non idem accidit contra, but the converse is not true, Quint. 8, 6, 3; Gell. 4, 2, 5: ut vocabula verbis, verba rursus adverbiis, nomina appositis et pronominibus essent priora. Nam fit contra quoque frequenter non indecore. for often, not inelegantly, the order is reversed, Quint. 9, 4, 24:quae etiam contra valent,
i. e. if the terms are reversed, id. 3, 7, 25; 9, 2, 49; 8, 6, 25; 9, 4, 72.—Belonging to the same predicate:E.ut quidque erit dicendum ita dicet, nec satura jejune, nec grandia minute, nec item contra,
Cic. Or. 36, 123:cum emtor venditori, vel contra, heres exstitit,
Dig. 35, 2, 48:in quibus patrium pro possessivo dicitur, vel contra,
Quint. 1, 5, 45; 5, 10, 71:junguntur autem aut ex nostro et peregrino, ut biclinium, aut contra, ut epitogium et Anticato,
id. 1, 5, 68:ut capras in montosis potius locis quam in herbidis (pascar), equas contra,
but with mares the reverse is the case, Varr. R. R. 2, 1, 16:itaque ille dicere melius quam praecipere, nos contra fortasse possumus,
Cic. Or. 42, 143:qua collegi solent ex his quae faciunt ea quae faciuntur, aut contra,
or vice versa, Quint. 5, 10, 80; Dig. 14, 1, 1, § 12; 48, 5, 23, § 4.In logical antithesis of clauses with a merely rhet. force, on the contrary, on the other hand, vice versa; sometimes almost = sed or autem (freq.).1.In independent clauses.a.Opposing persons or parties: fortunam insanam esse... perhibent philosophi... Sunt autem alii philosophi qui contra Fortunam negant ullam exstare, Pac. ap. Auct. Her. 2, 23, 36 (Trag. Rel. v. 372 Rib.); Caecil. ap. Cic. Tusc. 4, 32, 68; Varr. R. R. 1, 8, 1:b.ego etiam quae tu sine Verre commisisti Verri crimini daturus sum... Tu, contra, ne quae ille quidem fecit, obicies,
Cic. Div. in Caecil. 11, 35:ego contra ostendo, non modo nihil fecisse Sex. Roscium, sed, etc.,
id. Rosc. Am. 29, 79; id. Phil. 8, 3, 8; id. Off. 1, 30, 108; id. Fin. 5, 22, 62:in Italia bellum gerimus, in sede ac solo nostro... Hannibal contra in aliena, in hostili est terra,
Liv. 22, 39, 13; 21, 50, 2; 3, 15, 2; 6, 7, 4; 9, 35, 4 et saep.; Nep. Alcib. 8, 1; Vell. 2, 31, 4; Sen. Ep. 9, 14; id. Ira, 2, 33, 6; Plin. 35, 10, 37, § 113; Tac. H. 3, 84; 3, 57; Suet. Tib. 2; id. Vit. 2; Just. 2, 1, 10; 8, 4, 11:contra mercator, navim jactantibus austris Militia est potior?
Hor. S. 1, 1, 6; 1, 2, 30; 1, 3, 27; Prop. 2, 1, 45; 2, 23, 13 (3, 17, 3); Sen. Hippol. 214;so with versa vice: barbarae gentes (Alexandrum) non ut hostem, sed ut parentem luxerunt... Contra Macedones versa vice non ut civem, sed ut hostem amissum gaudebant,
Just. 13, 1, 7.—Introducing a secondary or parallel opposition of thought: in loco umidiore far potius serunt quam triticum;2.contra in aridiore hordeum potius quam far,
Varr. R. R. 1, 9, 4; 1, 1, 47: si nihil esset quod inane vocaret, Omne foret solidum;nisi contra corpora certe Essent, etc., Omne quod est spatium vacuum constaret inane,
Lucr. 1, 521; 4, 348; cf.:justa omnia decora sunt, injusta contra, ut turpia, sic indecora,
Cic. Off. 1, 27, 94; id. N. D. 2, 15, 41; id. de Or. 3, 33, 136; id. Quint. 30, 93: id. Off. 3, 21, 84; id. Leg. 2, 1, 2: facilem esse rem... si modo unum omnes sentiant; contra in dissensione nullam se salutem perspicere, Caes. B. G, 5, 31; Liv. 25, 30, 3; Sen. Ben. 1, 5, 2; Plin. 12, 19, 42, § 92; 11, 14, 14, § 35; Suet. Caes. 73; Gell. 1, 4, 5:si male rem gerere insani est, contra bene, sani,
Hor. S. 2, 3, 74.—In opposition to a dependent clause:3.ut hi miseri, sic contra illi beati quos, etc.,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 6, 16; so id. de Or. 1, 45, 198; Quint. 9, 3, 39:cui ego rei tantum abest ut impedimento sim, ut contra te M. Manli adhorter, etc.,
Liv. 6, 15, 5; 6, 31, 4:cum virtus adeo neminem spe ac pollicitatione corrumpat, ut contra in se inpendere jubeat, ac, etc.,
Sen. Ben. 4, 1, 2: aut igitur negemus quidquam ratione confici, cum contra nihil sine ratione recte fieri possit, aut, etc., whereas on the contrary, etc., Cic. Tusc. 4, 38, 84; cf.:at contra,
Lucr. 2, 392.—With co-ordinate conjunctions.a.Copulative, et contra or contraque (never with ac or atque); also nec contra (rare), and on the other hand.(α).With reference to a reason or conclusion, after nam, enim, cum, or itaque: nam et ratione uti... omnique in re quid sit veri videre et tueri decet, contraque falli [p. 454]... tam dedecet quam, etc., Cic. Off. 1, 27, 94:(β).malus est enim custos... metus, contraque benevolentia fidelis,
id. ib. 2, 7, 23:cum reficiat animos varietas ipsa, contraque sit aliquanto difficilius in labore uno perseverare,
Quint. 1, 12, 4; 3, 8, 32; 8, 6, 20:itaque in probris maxime in promptu est, si quid tale dici potest, etc. Contraque in laudibus, etc.,
Cic. Off. 1, 18, 61; cf. Suet. Calig. 51; so with nec:nam nec comoedia cothurnis assurgit, nec contra tragoedia socculo ingreditur,
Quint. 10, 2, 22.—With contrasted examples or illustrations, often after ut or sic:(γ).audivi ex majoribus natu, hoc idem fuisse in P. Scipione Nasica, contraque patrem ejus... nullam comitatem habuisse sermonis,
Cic. Off. 1, 30, 109:ut suspitionibus credi oportere, et contra suspitionibus credi non oportere,
id. Inv. 2, 15, 48; Quint. 8, 4, 1; 5, 10, 48; 9, 3, 7; 9, 4, 52; 11, 1, 14; Sen. Ep. 82, 14; Dig. 17, 1, 22, § 4.—With contrasted actions, assumptions, etc.:(δ).atque utinam qui ubique sunt propugnatores hujus imperii possent in hanc civitatem venire, et contra oppugnatores rei publicae de civitate exterminari!
Cic. Balb. 22, 51:domo pignori data, et area ejus tenebitur... et contra jus soli sequitur aedificium,
Dig. 13, 7, 21:equo et asina genitos mares, hinnos antiqui vocabant: contraque mulos quos asini et equae generassent,
Plin. 8, 44, 69, § 17: ceterum potest ex lege quidem esse judicium, sed legitimum non esse, et contra ex lege non esse, sed legitimum esse, Gai Inst. 4, 109; Plin. 2, 65, 65, § 161; 35, 15, 5, § 183.—After a negative clause, affirming the opposite idea, et contra or contraque, but on the contrary:b.in quo (consulatu) ego imperavi nihil, et contra patribus conscriptis et bonis omnibus parui,
Cic. Sull. 7, 21:nunc vero cum ne pulsus quidem ita sim ut superare non possim, contraque a populo Romano semper sim defensus, etc.,
id. Dom. 33, 88; id. Fin. 2, 17, 55; id. Marcell. 6, 20; so,et contra,
Suet. Tit. 7.—With adversative conjunctions, at contra, sed contra, contra autem, contra vero (not verum contra, nor contra tamen).(α).At contra (freq.), merely a strengthened contra (v. 1. supra): huc accedit uti mellis lactisque liquores Jucundo sensu linguae tractentur in ore;(β).At contra taetri absinthi natura... foedo pertorqueat ora sapore,
Lucr. 2, 400:cogunt,
id. 2, 74; 1, 366; 2, 235 et saep.: nos qui domi sumus, tibi beati videmur;at contra nobis tu quidem... prae nobis beatus,
Cic. Fam. 4, 4, 2; id. Tusc. 1, 3, 5; id. Rosc. Am. 45, 131; id. Verr. 2, 5, 26, § 66; Sall. J. 36, 2; 4, 7; 15, 3; id. C. 12, 5:ideo siccas aiunt Aethiopiae solitudines... At contra constat Germaniam abundare rivis,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 6, 2; 1, 3, 1; id. Ep. 100, 7; Plin. 7, 53, 54, § 186; Suet. Galb. 15; Tac. A. 4, 28.—Sed contra, after a negative sentence (class.):(γ).non quo acui ingenia adulescentium nollem, sed contra ingenia obtundi nolui,
Cic. de Or. 3, 24, 93; id. Att. 9, 15, 3; id. Ac. 1, 10, 35; id. Fl. 11, 26:arma populi Romani non liberis servitutem, sed contra servientibus libertatem adferre,
Liv. 45, 18, 1:tu ne cede malis, sed contra audentior ito,
Verg. A. 6, 95; Plin. Ep. 1, 10, 12.—PostAug. also without a preceding negation:obiisse nostro Laium scelere autumant superi inferique: sed animus contra innocens... negat,
Sen. Oedip. 765; Symm. Ep. 6, 81.—Contra autem (rare;(δ).in Cic. only where different subjects have contrasted predicates in dependent clauses): quia pacis est insigne toga, contra autem arma tumultus atque belli,
Cic. Pis. 30, 73.—In later writers = contra alone:sub septemtrione aedificia... conversa ad calidas partes oportere fieri videntur. Contra autem sub impetu solis meridiani regionibus conversa ad septemtrionem... sunt facienda,
Vitr. 6, 1, 2; Gell. 14, 2, 19; Dig. 7, 1, 25, § 3; 34, 3, 25.—Contra vero (very rare;(ε).not in Cic.), used for contra: contra vero quercus infinitam habet aeternitatem,
Vitr. 2, 9, 8; 6, 1, 3; Cels. 3, 6 fin. —Atqui contra, App. Mag. p. 287, 24.—c.With disjunctive conjunctions, aut contra, vel contra, seu contra, or on the contrary, or conversely (always without change of subject).(α).Aut contra:(β).num aut scriptum neget, aut contra factum infitietur?
Cic. Part. Or. 38, 133: quae (mens) aut languescit... aut contra tumescit, etc., Quint. 1, 2, 18:si imbres defuere, aut contra abundavere,
Plin. 17, 24, 37, § 228.—Vel contra:(γ).hinc enim quaestiones oriuntur: Injuriam fecisti, sed quia magistratus, majestatis actio est? Vel contra: Licuit... quia magistratus?
Quint. 5, 10, 40; 9, 4, 96; Suet. Galb. 3; Dig. 35, 2, 56, § 4; 8, 4, 6.—Seu contra:d.seu tristis veniam, seu contra laetus amicis,
Prop. 1, 11, 25.—With causal conjunctions, nam contra (very rare;4.never contra enim): falso queritur de natura sua genus humanum quod, etc. Nam contra, reputando, neque majus aliud, neque praestabilius invenies,
Sall. J. 1, 1; Quint. 1, 1, 1; 9, 2, 23. —In late Lat., e contra (also one word, ēcontrā) = contra,(α).In the meaning, the contrary (D. 1.):(β).aliis vero econtra videtur,
Hier. Ep. 12.—Et econtra = et contra (E. 3. a.):5.honestiorum provectu et econtra suppliciis,
Aur. Vict. Caes. 39, 45.—For quod contra, v. II. E. 1. c.—With emphatic particles.a.Quin contra, nay on the contrary, opposing an affirmative sentence to a preceding negative statement (quin etiam amplifies without opposition; sed contra opposes without amplification; quin contra both opposes and amplifies);b.not before Livy: num qui enim socordius rempublicam administrari post Calvi tribunatum... quam? etc. Quin contra patricios aliquot damnatos... neminem plebeium,
Liv. 6, 37, 8; 31, 31, 9; 35, 26, 10; 37, 15, 3.—Immo contra (post-Aug.).(α).= no, on the contrary, refuting opinions, after questions and in the form of a dialogue:(β).existimas nunc me detrahere tibi multas voluptates?... Immo contra, nolo tibi umquam deesse laetitiam,
Sen. Ep. 23, 3; Dig. 33, 7, 5; 33, 7, 29.—= sed contra, but on the contrary:c.proinde ne submiseris te, immo contra fige stabilem gradum,
Sen. Cons. Marc. 5, 6; id. Cons. Polyb. 15, 2; cf. prep.:immo contra ea,
Liv. 41, 24, 8; cf. II. E. 1. b. infra.—Item contra = an emphatic et contra (very rare):F.quoniam... beate vivere alii in alio, vos in voluptate ponitis, item contra miseriam in dolore, etc.,
Cic. Fin. 2, 27, 86; cf. I. A. 3. g supra.With a comparative clause introduced by ac, atque, or quam, representing a logical or moral opposition (contra atque debuit = non ita ut debuit; cf. Cic. Or. 3, 19, 70); cf. prep., II. C. 3. g, and II. E. 2. infra.1.Of logical opposition, contrary to, different from, otherwise than; in the best prose only with atque or ac.(α).With atque:(β).item, contra atque apud nos, fieri ad Elephantinem ut neque ficus neque vites amittant folia,
Varr. R. R. 1, 7, 6:simulacrum Jovis, contra atque ante fuerat, ad orientem convertere,
Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 20; id. Sull. 24, 69:judicium suscepturos contra atque omnis Italia populusque Romanus judicavisset,
Caes. B. C. 3, 12; id. B. G. 4, 13; Plin. 12, 19, 43, § 95.—With ac:(γ).itaque contra est ac dicitis,
Cic. Fin. 4, 15, 41:vides, omnia fere contra ac dicta sint evenisse,
id. Div. 2, 24, 53; so id. Verr. 2, 4, 6, § 11; id. Or. 40, 137:cum contra ac Deiotarus sensit victoria belli judicaret,
id. Phil. 11, 13, 34:Petreius ubi videt, Catilinam, contra ac ratus erat, magna vi tendere, etc.,
Sall. C. 60, 5.—With ac and atque:(δ).si denique aliquid non contra ac liceret factum diceretur, sed contra atque oporteret,
Cic. Balb. 3, 7.—With quam (post-Aug.):2.cui contra quam proposuerat aliqua cesserunt,
Sen. Ira, 3, 6, 5; Plin. 10, 53, 74, § 149; 11, 21, 24, § 72; Gell. 6 (7), 8, 6:contra quam licet,
id. 1, 3, 19; Sil. 15, 107.—Of moral opposition of acts contrary to rules and principles (cf. II. 3. g infra); so always with quam:II.mater Aviti, generi sui, contra quam fas erat, amore capta,
contrary to the divine law, Cic. Clu. 5, 12:ut senatus, contra quam ipse censuisset, ad vestitum rediret,
contrary to its own resolution, id. Pis. 8, 18:contra quam ista causa postulasset,
id. Caecin. 24, 67:contra quam sanctum legibus est,
Liv. 30, 19, 9; Cic. Leg. 2, 5, 11; id. Q. Fr. 1, 1, 1, § 2; id. Dom. 46, 122:contraque faciunt quam polliceri videntur,
Auct. Her. 4, 3, 6; Cic. de Or. 2, 20, 86.Prep. with acc., before, against, facing, towards, opposite to, contrary to (acc. to many scholars not ante-class.; cf. Hand, Turs. II. p. 108; but found Plaut. Ps. 1, 2, 24 Fleck., a line omitted by Lorenz as a gloss; id. Pers. 1, 1, 13 Ritschl; Att. ap. Non. p. 469, 15, or Trag. Rel. v. 476 Rib.; cf. also Plaut. Poen. 5, 6, 18; Cato, R. R. 18, 1, and v. I. A. 1. a. b, and I. A. 1. b. a supra).A.Local uses.1.Opposite, over against, facing.a.Of countries and places (mostly of those separated by water;b.adversus and e regione mostly of places opposite by land): insulae natura triquetra, cujus unum latus est contra Galliam,
Caes. B. G. 5, 13; 3, 9; 4, 20:ad insulam quae est contra Massiliam,
id. B. C. 1, 56; 3, 23:Rhodios, pacatis contra insulam suam terris, etc.,
Liv. 37, 15, 7; 3, 26, 8:Carthago Italiam contra,
Verg. A. 1, 13; 5, 124; Ov. M. 14, 17:insulae quae contra Tauri promuntorium inopportune navigantibus objacent, Chelidoniae nominantur,
Mel. 2, 7; Plin. 3, 26, 30, § 151; 6, 28, 32, § 152; 5, 7, 7, § 41; Tac. A. 3, 1; id. H. 2, 17.—Of the heavenly bodies:c.donique (luna) eum (sc. solem) contra pleno bene lumine fulsit,
Lucr. 5, 708:contra Volucris rostrum posita est Lyra,
Vitr. 9, 4, 5; Sen. Q. N. 1, 5, 9; 1, 8, 3; Plin. 2, 31, 31, § 99; 5, 10, 10, § 56.—So, tertium (latus Britanniae) est contra septem triones, opposite ( facing); hence, contra meridiem and contra ortus (instead of ad or adversus meridiem, etc.), facing the south and east, Plin. 6, 24, 24, § 85; 17, 2, 2, § 22. —So of a person standing in the sunlight:cum minima umbra (i. e. a sole) contra medium fiet hominem,
Plin. 18, 33, 76, § 327; cf.:contra mediam faciem meridies erit,
id. 18, 33, 76, § 326.—Of opposite ends of a line.(α).Of the diameter of the earth: esse e regione nobis e contraria parte terrae qui adversis vestigiis stent contra nostra vestigia, quos antipodas vocatis, Cic. Ac. 2, 39, 123.—(β).Of a line drawn:d.contra autem E littera I erit ubi secat circinationem linea,
opposite the point E will be the letter I, Vitr. 9, 7, 4.—Of buildings, etc.:e.contra hoc aviarium est aliud minus in quo quae mortuae sunt aves curator servare solet,
Varr. R. R. 3, 5, 5; Vitr. 5, 6, 3; 3, 5, 15:(statuam) quae fuerit contra Jovis Statoris aedem in vestibulo Superbi domus,
Plin. 34, 6, 13, § 29:contra medium fere porticum diaeta paulum recedit,
Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 20; 2, 17, 5; Suet. Aug. 44.—Of places on the human body:2.id quod contra stomachum est,
Cels. 4, 5 (4, 12 med.); 7, 7;4, 20 (13).—Of the direction of the intestines, etc.: ea... contra medium alvum orsa,
Cels. 4, 1 fin. —Of actions, opposite, towards, against, facing (syn.:a.adversus, ad, e regione,
Caes. B. G. 7, 61).In gen.:b.quamvis subito... quamque Rem contra speculum ponas, apparet imago,
Lucr. 4, 156: Democritus... clipeum constituit contra exortum Hyperionis, Laber. ap. Gell. 10, 17, 4:et contra magnum potes hos (i.e. oculos) attollere solem, Nec tremis...?
Prop. 1, 15, 37; Col. 7, 3, 8:rex constiterat contra pedites,
Curt. 10, 9, 13; 9, 5, 1:ne contra septentrionem paveris,
Plin. 18, 33, 76, § 330; 28, 6, 19, § 69:contra solem varie refulgens,
placed in the sun, id. 37, 10, 63, § 173; 10, 54, 75, § 151; 37, 6, 22, § 83;37, 7, 25, § 95: cum terrestres volucres contra aquam clangores dabunt,
id. 18, 35, 87, § 363; 19, 8, 39, § 131.—Dependent on verbs of motion (very rare without the idea of hostility):c.(Dinocrates) incessit contra tribunal regis jus dicentis,
towards, Vitr. 2, praef. 1.—So trop., of actions done for a purpose:lege Cornelia de sicariis tenetur qui, cum in magistratu esset, eorum quid fecerit contra hominis necem quod legibus permissum non sit,
Dig. 48, 8, 4.—Appositively, with the predicate: (elephanti) tanta narratur clementia contra minus validos, ut, etc., if fronting weaker animals, if brought in contact with them (not to be connected with clementia), Plin. 8, 7, 7, § 23.—Similarly: dum... fidens non est contra feram, if fronting the animal (not dependent on fidens), Plin. 8, 16, 21, § 57.—d.Against an opposing action, etc.:e.contra vim atque impetum fluminis conversa,
Caes. B. G. 4, 17, 5:cum plateae contra directos ventos erunt conformatae,
Vitr. 1, 6, 8:ut contra ventum gregem pascamus,
Col. 7, 3, 12; Sen. Q. N. 2, 31, 2; Plin. 29, 3, 12, § 52; 17, 2, 2, § 21; 8, 16, 21, § 54:contra fluminum impetus aggeribus,
id. 35, 14, 48, § 169:capite in sole contra pilum peruncto,
id. 27, 4, 5, § 17; 18, 35, 88, § 364; Varr. ap. Plin. 7, 20, 19, § 83; Sil. 14, 352; Dig. 9, 2, 29, § 4. [p. 455] — Trop.:contra fortunam tenendus est cursus,
Sen. Prov. 5, 9.—Prov.:contra stimulum calces,
kick against the pricks, Isid. Orig. 1, 36, 28 (al. calcitres); cf. Amm. 18, 5, 1.—Of local actions with hostile intent.(α).Lit.:(β).quae vis Coclitem contra omnes hostium copias tenuit?
Cic. Par. 1, 2, 12:Pompeium Cartejae receptum scribis: jam igitur contra hunc exercitum (sc. constitit),
id. Att. 15, 20, 3:pertimescam, credo, ne mihi non liceat contra vos in contione consistere,
to face you, id. Agr. 1, 8, 25; Lepidus ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 34, 1; Caes. B. C. 1, 26:a fronte contra hostem pedum quindecim fossam fieri jussit,
id. ib. 1, 41; 1, 42; id. B. G. 7, 62:Tullus adversus Veientem hostem derigit suos: Albanos contra legionem Fidenatium collocat,
Liv. 1, 27, 5; 24, 41, 5; 38, 4, 5; Verg. A. 12, 279; Front. Strat. 2, 2, 13; 2, 3, 17.—Appositively, with a local verb understood:terribilis haec contra fugientes belua est, fugax contra insequentes,
i. e. if fronting, if placed opposite, Plin. 8, 25, 38, § 92.—Trop.:f.castra sunt in Italia contra populum Romanum in Etruriae faucibus collocata,
Cic. Cat. 1, 2, 5; id. Mil. 1, 2; Quint. 7, 7, 5:tum contra hanc Romam illa altera Roma quaeretur,
will be as a rival against this Rome, Cic. Agr. 2, 22, 86:cui rationi contra homines barbaros atque imperitos locus fuisset, hac ne ipsum quidem sperare, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 1, 40:(Cicero) plerumque contra inimicos atque obtrectatores plus vindicat sibi,
when fronting adversaries, Quint. 11, 1, 23.—In partic.(α).Stare contra aliquem (opp. stare ab aliquo); usu. implying hostility; mostly trop., to stand against, to be arrayed against, to face, oppose:(β).quod contra hoc exemplum nulla staret eorum ratio,
Auct. Her. 4, 5, 7:contra populi studium,
Cic. Brut. 34, 126:contra civium perditorum... dementiam a senatu et a bonorum causa,
id. ib. 79, 273; so,a mendacio contra veritatem,
id. Inv. 1, 3, 4:contra cives in acie,
id. Att. 16, 11, 2:et adversi contra stetit ora juvenci,
opposite, Verg. A. 5, 477; 5, 414:haec enim (ratio) sola... stat contra fortunam,
Sen. Ep. 14, 4, 2: contra leonem etiam stetit, fronted, i. e. hunted, Spart. Carac. 5 fin. —Contra aliquem ire:3.aut saevos Libyae contra ire leones,
Stat. Th. 9, 16.— Trop.:uti contra injurias armati eatis,
Sall. J. 31, 6:interritus (sapiens) et contra illa (mala) ibit et inter illa,
Sen. Ep. 59, 8; cf.: contra venire, II. B. 1. c. b infra, and v. also II. B. 2. b. and II. B. 1. b. infra.—Transf.,a.To persons placed together for comparison:b.C. vero Caesar, si foro tantum vacasset, non alius ex nostris contra Ciceronem nominaretur,
Quint. 10, 1, 114:CORONATO CONTRA OMNES SCAENICOS,
Inscr. Grut. p. 331, n. 4.—To things compared, as if weighed against each other as to their value, strength, etc.(α).Lit. (very rare):(β).quamcunque vis rem expende, et contra aquam statue... Si gravior est, leviorem rem... feret, etc.,
Sen. Q. N. 3, 25, 5.—Prop.:c.cujus (i. e. generis humani) causa videtur cuncta alia genuisse natura, magna saeva mercede contra tanta sua munera,
Plin. 7, 1, 1, § 1:qui amicus esse coepit quia expedit, placebit ei aliquod pretium contra amicitiam,
Sen. Ep. 9, 9:numquam ulli fortiores cives fuerunt quam qui ausi sunt eum contra tantas opes ejus... condemnare,
Cic. Fam. 7, 2, 3:tantum studium bonorum in me exstitisse, contra incredibilem contentionem clarissimi et potentissimi viri,
id. ib. 7, 2, 2; Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 9, 3:nomen prorogans nostrum et memoriam extendens contra brevitatem aevi,
as a compensation for, Plin. 2, 63, 63, § 154.—So esp., valere contra, to weigh against, counterbalance, avail or prevail against: non vereor ne meae vitae modestia parum valitura sit contra falsos rumores, Matius ap. Cic. Fam. 11, 28, 8:(illa facta) pro periculo potius quam contra salutem valere debere,
Cic. Part. Or. 35, 120; id. Off. 3, 29, 104:contrane lucrum nil valere Pauperis ingenium?
Hor. Epod. 11, 11; Sen. Ben. 4, 15, 1; id. Cons. Helv. 5, 5; so,robur habere contra: si contra unamquamlibet partem fortunae satis tibi roboris est,
id. ib. 13, 2;so of counterchecks: in Creta decem qui cosmoe vocantur, ut contra consulare imperium tribuni plebis, sic illi contra vim regiam constituti,
Cic. Rep. 2, 33, 58.—Of antidotes: cimicum natura contra serpentium morsus valere dicitur, item contra venena omnia, Plin. 29, 4, 17, § 61.—Hence,Colloq., aliquid contra aurum est, something is worth gold, is superb, both predicatively and attributively (cf.: auro contra, I. A. 2. supra): hujusce pomaria in summa Sacra Via ubi poma veneunt, contra aurum imago, a spectacle for gold, i. e. a magnificent sight, Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 10 MSS. (al. aliter):d.numcubi hic vides citrum... num quod emblema aut lithostratum? quae illic omnia contra aurum,
superb, id. ib. 3, 2, 4 MSS. (Schneid. omits aurum, ex conj.):oneravi vinum, et tunc erat contra aurum,
Petr. 7, 6.—Transf., of replies, with aiebat, inquit, etc.; both in friendly and inimical sense; esp., contra ea, contra haec, = the adv. contra:B.contra ea Titurius sero facturos clamitabat, etc.,
Caes. B. G. 5, 29:contra ea Verginius unum Ap. Claudium et legum expertem et, etc., aiebat,
Liv. 3, 57, 1; 24, 45, 4:quae contra breviter fata est vates,
Verg. A. 6, 398:contra quod disertus Tu impie fecisti inquit, etc.,
Quint. 7, 1, 53 (cf.: contra ea, II. E. 1. infra).Denoting hostility or disadvantage.1.With verbs of hostile action.a.Of physical exertion:b.pugnavere et tertio consulatu ejus viginti (elephanti) contra pedites quingentos,
Plin. 8, 7, 7, § 22:proelium Afri contra Aegyptios primi fecere fustibus,
id. 7, 56, 57, § 200; 8, 40, 61, § 142. —Referring to warfare (usu. adversus), bellum gerere (rarely for cum or adversus; but contra patriam, contra aras, etc., not cum patria, etc.; cf.c.bellum, II. A. 1. e.): a quo prohibitos esse vos contra Caesarem gerere bellum (opp. pro),
Cic. Lig. 8, 25; id. Phil. 5, 10, 27; Liv. Ep. 129.—With bellum suscipere:contra Antonium,
Cic. Phil. 8, 2, 5; so,contra patriam,
id. Sull. 20, 58:pugnare contra patriam,
id. ib. 25, 70:contra conjuges et liberos,
Sen. Ben. 5, 15, 5:armatum esse contra populum Romanum,
Cic. Prov. Cons. 13, 32.—With arma ferre (freq.), Cic. Phil. 2, 29, 72; 13, 21, 47; Liv. 28, 28, 15; Nep. Att. 4, 2; Tib. 1, 6, 30; Ov. M. 4, 609; 13, 269; id. P. 1, 1, 26.—With arma sumere or capere, Cic. Rab. Perd. 6, 19; id. Phil. 4, 1, 2; 4, 3, 7:armis contendere contra,
Caes. B. G. 2, 13:arma alicui dare (trop.),
Cic. Phil. 2, 21, 53:aciem instruere (trop.),
Liv. 25, 4, 4:exercitum comparare,
Cic. Phil. 3, 6, 14; 4, 1, 2:exercitum instruere,
id. Cat. 2, 11, 24:exercitum ducere and adducere,
id. Phil. 4, 2, 5; 3, 4, 11:exercitum contra Philippum mittere,
id. Inv. 1, 12, 17:naves ducere contra,
Hor. Epod. 4, 19:ducere contra hostes,
Liv. 1, 27, 4:florem Italiae educere contra,
Cic. Cat. 2, 11, 24:proficisci contra,
to march against, Liv. 1, 11, 3; 8, 2, 5:auxilium ferre Rutulis contra Latinos,
Plin. 14, 12, 14, § 88:juvare aliquem contra,
Caes. B. C. 1, 35:consilium inire contra Sequanos,
to take hostile measures against, id. B. G. 6, 12.—Of legal contention (more freq. adversus, except with verbs of saying).(α).In gen., with agere or causam agere, to act as counsel against a party or his attorney:(β).cum agerem contra hominem disertissimum nostrae civitatis,
Cic. Caecin. 33, 97; id. Brut. 63, 226; Sen. Ben. 4, 15, 3; Quint. 11, 1, 59.—Causam recipere or suscipere contra, to accept a retainer against:(causam) quam receperam contra pueros Octavios,
Cic. Att. 13, 49, 1; Quint. 6, 1, 12; Plin. Ep. 4, 17, 1.—Adesse alicui contra, to appear, act as one's counsel against:rogavit me Caecilius ut adessem contra Satrium,
Cic. Att. 1, 1, 3; Plin. Ep. 1, 7, 5 al.; cf.:esse contra,
id. ib. 1, 18, 3.— Trop.: conquesturus venit;at contra se adfuit et satisfacienti satisfecit,
Sen. Fragm. Amic. 14, 1, 89:causam defendere contra,
against the accuser, Cic. de Or. 1, 39, 178:statuere contra aliquem (sc. causam),
to establish a case against an adversary, id. Or. 10, 34:actio competit contra,
Dig. 49, 14, 41:querelam instituere contra,
ib. 5, 2, 21, § 1:bonorum possessionem petere contra,
ib. 5, 2, 23:jus obtinere contra,
Cic. Quint. 9, 34:pugnare contra,
to struggle against the accuser, id. Sull. 17, 49; id. Verr. 1, 11, 33:id quod mihi contra illos datum est,
i. e. a local advantage over, id. Tull. 14, 33:judicare contra aliquem,
id. Fl. 20, 48; Dig. 21, 2, 55; 5, 2, 14; Just. Inst. 4, 17, 2:pronuntiare contra,
Paul. Sent. 5, 34, 2: dare sententiam contra, Dig. 21, 2, 56, § 1:decernere contra,
Cic. Fl. 31, 76:appellare contra aliquem,
Dig. 49, 1, 3; 49, 5, 6; cf.:contra sententiam,
Cod. Just. 7, 62, 32, § 2.—Sentire contra aliquem, to have an opinion unfavorable to:cur vos (cum) aliquid contra me sentire dicatis, etc.,
Cic. Caecin. 27, 79.—Venire contra aliquem, to appear as counsel for one's adversary:(γ).quid tu, Saturi, qui contra hunc venis, existimas aliter?
Cic. Rosc. Com. 6, 18; id. Mur. 4, 9; id. Phil. 8, 6, 18.—Venire contra rem alicujus, to give advice damaging one's interests:contra rem suam me venisse questus est,
Cic. Phil. 2, 2, 3.—With dicere and other verbs of saying. (aa) Of a lawyer pleading against a lawyer:d.ipse ille Mucius, quid in illa causa cum contra te diceret, attulit quod? etc.,
Cic. de Or. 1, 57, 244:cum ille contra me pro Sex. Naevio diceret,
id. Brut. 60, 2, 7; id. de Or. 2, 7, 30; id. Rosc. Am. 15, 45; id. Div. in Caecil. 14, 44; id. Planc. 2, 5; id. Brut. 26, 102; so,causam dicere,
id. Or. 2, 23, 98:causam perorare,
id. Quint. 24, 77.—(bb) Of a lawyer's pleading against the parties: dic mihi, M. Pinari, num si contra te dixero mihi male dicturus es? Servil. ap. Cic. de Or. 2, 65, 261; 3, 34, 138; 1, 14, 60; id. Or. 35, 123; Quint. 11, 1, 57; cf. with ellipsis of acc.:quorum alter pro Aufldia, contra dixit alter,
id. 10, 1, 22.—(ng) Of a party against a lawyer:si Gaditani contra me dicerent,
if the Gaditani were my adversaries, Cic. Balb. 17, 38.—(dd) Of witnesses and experts, and the pleadings against them:si decressent legationem quae contra istum diceret,
Cic. Verr. 2, 2, 4, § 12: contra testes dicere (opp. a testibus or pro testibus). Auct. Her. 2, 6, 9; Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 118 (cf.:testimonium in aliquem dicere,
id. Sull. 17, 48; Quint. 7, 4, 36):contra juris consultos dicere,
against their legal opinions, Cic. Caecin. 24, 69.—So of witnesses in scientific questions:contra testes dicendum est,
Sen. Q. N. 7, 16, 1.—(ee) Dicere or contendere aliquid contra aliquem, to maintain a point against:cum interrogamus adversarios... quid contra nos dici possit,
Auct. Her. 4, 23, 33:tamenne vereris ut possis hoc contra Hortensium contendere?
Cic. Quint. 25, 78. —Of literary adversaries, mostly with verbs of saying and writing:e.cum scriberem contra Epicurios,
Cic. Att. 13, 38, 1:contra Epicurum satis superque dictum est,
id. N. D. 2, 1, 2:contra Brutum,
id. Tusc. 5, 8, 21:contra Academiam,
id. Ac. 2, 19, 63; id. Fin. 1, 1, 2; 5, 8, 22; id. Tusc. 5, 11, 32; 5, 30, 84; id. Ac. 2, 4, 17:contra autem omnia disputatur a nostris,
id. Off. 2, 2, 8.—Of public and political adversaries (syn. adversus and in).(α).In gen.:(β).sentire contra,
Cic. Mil. 2, 5:pugnare contra bonos,
id. Sull. 25, 71:contra eos summa ope nitebatur nobilitas,
Sall. C. 38, 2; Cic. Sest. 19, 42; 52, 112:(tribuni) qui aut contra consulem, aut pro studio ejus pugnabant,
Liv. 39, 32, 12.—Of political speaking:f.cum (Cato) eo ipso anno contra Serv. Galbam ad populum summa contentione dixisset,
Cic. Brut. 20, 80; so id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 53; Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 9, 1.—Of hostile or criminal acts in gen. (syn.:2.adversus, in): inire consilia contra,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 38, 110; id. Cat. 1, 7, 18:manum comparare contra aliquem,
id. Sull. 24, 68:conjurationem facere,
id. ib. 4, 12:congredi,
id. Lig. 3, 9; Sall. J. 64, 4:aliquid contra imperatorem moliri,
Just. Inst. 4, 18, 3:nec dolor armasset contra sua viscera matrem,
against her own offspring Ov. R. Am. 59.—Facere contra (more freq. with abstr. objects; cf. II. C. 1. f. b infra): nunc te contra Caesarem facere summae stultitiae est, to take parts against, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 16, 2:eae (res) contra nos ambae faciunt,
operate against us, id. Quint. 1, 1.—With verbs of saying, etc.:homo disertus non intellegit, eum quem contra dicit laudari a se?
Cic. Phil. 2, 8, 18; 2, 1, 2; 2, 21, 51; Sen. Ep. 15, 3, 70:epigramma quod contra quamdam Gelliam scripsit,
Lampr. Alex. Sev. 38:disputare contra deos, in two signif.: contra deum licet disputare liberius,
to accuse, reproach a god, Cic. N. D. 3, 31, 76; but: mala et impia consuetudo est contra deos disputandi, to reason against the gods, i. e. against their existence, id. ib. 2, 67, 168.—Predicatively, with esse (videri, etc.), against, injurious to, unfavorable, prejudicial, to one's disadvantage: ut [p. 456] ex senatusconsulto neque cujus intersit, neque contra quem sit intellegi possit, Cic. Mur. 32, 68; id. de Or. 3, 20, 75; 2, 74, 299; 2, 81, 330; id. Sull. 13, 39; Sen. Ben. 6, 31, 6:3.licentiam malis dare certe contra bonos est,
injurious to, Quint. 4, 2, 75:res contra nos est, of unfavorable chances in a lawsuit,
id. 4, 66, 1; 4, 2, 75; 5, 13, 32.—Often, contra aliquem = quod est contra aliquem, referring to indef. pronouns or adjectives:nihil contra me fecit odio mei = nihil quod esset contra me,
Cic. Har. Resp. 3, 5; id. Off. 3, 31, 112:quibus (temporibus) aliquid contra Caesarem Pompeio suaserim,
id. Phil. 2, 10, 24.—Added adverb. to the predicate, mostly referring to purpose, with hostile intent, for the purpose of some hostile act, in order to oppose, in opposition:4.Caesarine eam (provinciam) tradituri fuistis, an contra Caesarem retenturi?
or keep it against Caesar, Cic. Lig. 7, 23:sero enim resistimus ei quem per annos decem aluimus contra nos,
id. Att. 7, 5, 5:judicium illud pecunia esse temptatum non pro Cluentio, sed contra Cluentium,
id. Clu. 4, 9; id. Imp. Pomp. 17, 52; id. Ac. 2, 28, 92:cum quae facitis ejusmodi sint ut ea contra vosmet ipsos facere videamini,
id. Rosc. Am. 36, 104; Sen. Ep. 3, 7, 3: Curio se contra eum totum parat, i. e. to speak against him, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 10; Caes. B. C. 1, 85 ter; Sen. Q. N. 1, 7, 1; Plin. 16, 39, 74, § 192; Plin. Pan. 41.—So with the force of a temporal clause:fidem meam quam essent contra Massam Baebium experti,
in the suit against, Plin. Ep. 3, 4, 4.—Dependent on adjectives (rare):5.contra se ipse misericors,
to his own injury, Phaedr. 4, 18, 3:severissimus judex contra fures,
Lampr. Alex. Sev. 28.—With nouns.a.Acc. to 1. b.:b.ut quam maximae contra Hannibalem copiae sint,
Cic. Inv. 1, 12, 17; cf. Vell. 2, 76, 3.—Acc. to 1. c. and 1. e.; so esp., oratio contra (cf.: oratio in).(α).Oratio contra (never in), of an address against the counsel of a party or against the prosecutor:(β).quid in omni oratione Crassus vel apud centumviros contra Scaevolam, vel contra accusatorem Brutum, cum pro Cn. Plancio diceret?
Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 220; cf.:Cato pro se contra Cassium = in oratione contra,
Gell. 10, 15, 3; so,haec perpetua defensio contra Scaevolam,
Cic. de Or. 2, 54, 221:orationem illam egregiam quam (Aeschines) in Ctesiphontem contra Demosthenem dixerat,
id. ib. 3, 56, 213.—Of an address against the party, either in judicial or political affairs:c.unam orationem contra Gracchum reliquit,
Cic. Brut. 26, 99:(Demosthenis) oratio contra Leptinem... contra Aeschinem falsae legationis,
id. Or. 31, 111; Gell. 10, 24, 10; 10, 18, 91; Cic. Brut. 46, 169; Quint. 12, 10, 61; Cic. de Or. 2, 11, 45; id. Brut. 44, 164; Gell. 13, 25 (24), 15; cf. Quint. 4, 3, 13; 11, 2, 25.—Acc. to 1. f.:C.contra patres concitatio et seditio,
Cic. Brut. 14, 56.—Of animals:contra volpium genus communibus inimicitiis,
Plin. 10, 76, 96, § 207.With inanimate and abstract objects.1.Directly dependent on verbs (cf. B. 1.).a.Of physical or moral exertion:b.cum fulmina contra Tot paribus streperet clipeis,
Verg. A. 10, 567:pugnandum tamquam contra morbum, sic contra senectutem,
Cic. Sen. 11, 35:contra verum niti,
Sall. J. 35, 8:contra fortunam luctari,
Sen. Ben. 7, 15, 2; id. Brev. Vit. 10, 1; id. Ep. 78, 15; 99, 32; cf. Cic. Off. 1, 31, 110.—Of warfare (lit. and trop.):c.bellum contra aras, focos, vitam fortunasque gerere,
Cic. Phil. 3, 1, 1:bellum gerimus... contra arma verbis,
id. Fam. 12, 22, 1.—So of logical contradictions:artificis autem est invenire in actione adversarii quae semet ipsa pugnent,
Quint. 5, 13, 30.—Of legal contention.(α).Of the actions of the counsel or prosecutor: dicere, or perorare, agere contra aliquid, to plead against, contest something:(β).contra argumenta, rumores, tabulas, quaestiones (opp. ab argumentis, etc.),
Auct. Her. 2, 6, 9 sqq.; Cic. de Or. 2, 27, 118:contra ratiocinationem,
id. Inv. 2, 50, 153: contra scriptum dicere, to contest, controvert a written law or a document, id. ib. 2, 47, 138; 2, 48, 143; id. Brut. 39, 145; Quint. 7, 7, 1:contra caput dicere,
to plead against life, Cic. Quint. 13, 44 (cf.:servum in caput domini interrogare,
Paul. Sent. 1, 1, 34; 5, 16, 5 and 8; 5, 46, 3): contra libertatem agere, Dig. 40, 12, 26.—Pregn.:contra rerum naturam, contraque consuetudinem hominum dicere (opp. contra nos dicere),
Cic. Rosc. Am. 15, 45.—Of judicial decisions contradicting documents, etc.:(γ).contra tabulas judicare,
Cic. de Or. 2, 70, 281:contra testamentum,
Dig. 2, 17, § 1:contra sententiam dicere,
ib. 49, 8, 1, § 2.—Admittere aliquem contra bona, to admit a petition for bonorum possessio (cf.:d.inmittere in bona),
Dig. 38, 2, 3, § 6.—Of antagonism in literary and ethical questions.(α).To contend that something is false:(β).dicere, disputare, disserere contra opinionem or sententiam,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 4, 8; 5, 19, 55; id. de Or. 3, 18, 67; id. Fin. 5, 4, 10; id. Ac. 2, 18, 60; Sen. Ira, 1, 3, 3; id. Ep. 87, 5; 102, 5 (cf.:in sententiam dicere,
in support of an opinion, Caes. B. G. 1, 45):contra sensus dicere,
Cic. Ac. 2, 31, 101:contra rhetoricen dicere,
Quint. 2, 17, 40.—Of criticism, hostility to principles, etc.:(γ).contra Iliadem et Odysseam scribere,
Vitr. 7, praef. 8:contra quorum disciplinam ingenium ejus exarserat,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 29, 83.—Ethically:e.contra voluptatem dicere,
that pleasure is a moral evil, Cic. Fin. 5, 8, 21:contra mortem loqui,
that death is no evil, Sen. Ep. 82, 7;in both senses: contra vitia, pericula, fortunam, ambitionem,
id. ib. 100, 10:contra fortunam gloriari,
that fortune has no power over him, Cic. Tusc. 5, 9, 26; Sen. Ep. 26, 5.—Of public and political acts and speeches:f.contra potentiam accusatorum dicere,
Cic. Brut. 44, 164:contra legem dicere or verba facere,
id. Imp. Pomp. 15, 53; Liv. 34, 8, 1:rogationem ferre contra coloniam ( = contra legem de colonia deducenda),
Cic. Clu. 51, 140; Auct. Her. 1, 17, 21; Plin. 8, 17, 24, § 64.—Of hostility, injury, wrongs, etc.(α).In gen.:(β).senatusconsulto quod contra dignitatem tuam fieret,
directed against, Cic. Fam. 12, 29, 2:contra rem publicam se commovere,
id. Cat. 1, 26; 1, 3, 7:incitari,
id. Sest. 47, 100:consilia inire,
id. Agr. 2, 3, 8:conjurationem facere,
Sall. C. 30, 6:contra salutem urbis incitari,
Cic. Cat. 3, 8, 20:cogitare aliquid contra salutem,
id. ib. 3, 9, 21: contra voluntatem or studium dicere, to oppose one's will in a speech:esse aliquem in civitate qui contra ejus (Chrysogoni) voluntatem dicere auderet,
id. Rosc. Am. 22, 60; id. Phil. 1, 11, 28; id. de Or. 3, 34, 138; id. Mur. 4, 10; Tac. H. 2, 91:ne quid contra aequitatem contendas, ne quid pro injuria,
do not array yourself against equity, Cic. Off. 2, 20, 71.— Trop.:quis non contra Marii arma, contra Suliae proscriptionem irascitur? ( = Mario propter arma, Sullae propter proscriptionem),
Sen. Ira, 2, 2, 3.—In partic.: facere contra aliquid (syn. adversus), to commit an offence against, to transgress, etc.:2.si quis ad Antonium profectus esset... senatus existimaturum eum contra rem publicam fecisse,
Cic. Phil. 8, 11, 33; id. Mil. 5, 13; 6, 14; id. Off. 3, 10, 43; 3, 25, 95; S. C. ap. Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 6; Liv. 25, 4, 7; so,contra salutem rei publicae facere,
Cic. Dom. 38, 102:contra majestatem,
against the emperor, Dig. 48, 4, 5:contra leges,
Cic. Dom. 18, 48; id. Vatin. 7, 18; id. Fin. 2, 17, 55; id. Mur. 32, 67; id. de Or. 3, 19, 70; cf. id. Clu. 34, 92; id. Mur. 32, 68; id. Dom. 14, 38; id. Phil. 10, 6, 13; Gai Inst. 4, 121:contra edictum (praetoris),
Cic. Verr 2, 3, 10, § 25; Dig. 39, 1, 20, § 1:contra foedus,
Cic. Balb. 6, 16:contra jusjurandum ac fidem,
id. Off. 3, 10, 43; id. Lael. 3, 30, 74; id. Verr. 2, 3, 3, § 7; Prop. 3, 30, 44 (2, 32, 44).—And ironically:tune contra Caesaris nutum (sc. facies)?
Cic. Att. 14, 10, 1.—Rarely contra ea facere = contra facere, adverb. (cf. I. B. 8. and II. E. 1. b.):corpus in civitatem inferri non licet... et qui contra ea fecerit, extra ordinem punitur,
Paul. Sent. 1, 21, 2; 1, 21, 12.—Predicatively with esse (usu. impers.), in violation of, in conflict with, contrary to (cf. 3. g).(α).With esse expressed as the predicate:(β).hominem hominis incommodo suum augere commodum magis est contra naturam quam mors,
Cic. Off. 3, 5, 21; id. Fin. 3, 9, 31; id. N. D. 3, 13, 33; Sen. Ep. 5, 4; Plin. 7, 8, 6, § 45:contra leges or legem est,
Cic. Pis. 13, 30; id. Mur. 32, 67:contra officium est,
id. Off. 3, 10, 43; 1, 10, 32; 1, 6, 19; cf. id. Lael. 11, 39; id. Off. 3, 15, 63; Liv. 6, 40, 5; Sen. Q. N. 2, 37, 2; Gai Inst. 3, 157; Dig. 30, 1, 112, § 3; 16, 3, 1, § 7.—With ellipsis of object (naturam), Cic. Fin. 5, 29, 89; cf.:adeo res ista non habet ullam moram quae contra causas ignium sit,
unfavorable to the formation of fire, Sen. Q. N. 2, 26, 7.—With verbal predicate, referring to an indef. pron. or adj., with esse understood:(γ).scis hunc... nihil umquam contra rem tuam cogitasse ( = nihil quod contra rem tuam esset),
Cic. Rosc. Am. 50, 147; id. Mil. 5, 13:aliquid contra animum audiendi,
something against our liking, Sen. Const. 19, 2.—So mostly with facere:si quid Socrates aut Aristippus contra morem consuetudinemque fecerint,
Cic. Off. 1, 41, 148; id. Att. 3, 23, 2; 2, 22, 2; id. Off. 3, 15, 63; Sall. C. 15, 1; Dig. 8, 2, 11; 8, 2, 17; 35, 1, 79, § 2. —Contra officium, substantively, = id quod contra officium est:3.Sic inter recte factum atque peccatum, officium et contra officium, media locabat quaedam,
Cic. Ac. 1, 10, 37.—Adverbially with the predicate.(α).In order to oppose, in opposition to, with hostile intent (cf. B. 3.):(β).eidem illam proscriptionem capitis mei contra salutem rei publicae rogatam esse dicebant,
that the proposal of the law was an attack on the republic, Cic. Prov. Cons. 19, 45; id. Rab. Perd. 12, 35; id. Phil. 10, 10, 22:imperator contra postulata Bocchi nuntios mittit,
to reply to the demands, Sall. J. 83, 3; 25, 6; so,advocare contra,
Sen. Cons. Polyb. 12, 4; id. Ep. 15, 2, 52:si contra mortem te praeparaveris,
to meet death, id. ib. 11, 3, 8.—With the force of a clause of manner, injuriously to, etc.:(γ).quibus contra valetudinis commodum laborandum est,
Cic. Mur. 23, 47; Suet. Aug. 78:contra hominis salutem,
with danger to a man's life, Cod. Just. 7, 62, 29.—In gen., of conflict with some rule or principle, contrary to, in violation of, without regard to ( = ita ut contra sit; cf. 2. supra; very freq. from the class. period;4.syn. adversus): ceperitne pecunias contra leges P. Decius,
Cic. de Or. 2, 31, 136; id. Verr. 2, 1, 4, § 10; id. Fl. 34, 86:pecuniam contra leges auferre,
id. Verr. 1, 18, 56; 2, 1, 10, § 27; 2, 5, 18, § 46; id. Har. Resp. 26, 56:contra legem,
id. Rab. Perd. 3, 8; id. Dom. 16, 41:contra jus fasque,
id. Har. Resp. 16, 34; id. Quint. 6, 28:contra jus,
Liv. 5, 4, 14; id. Dom. 13, 55; id. Verr. 2, 5, 13, § 34:contra jus gentium,
Liv. 4, 32, 5; 9, 10, 10; 21, 25, 7; 5, 36, 6;6, 1, 6: contra juris rigorem,
Dig. 40, 5, 24, § 10 et saep.:contra testimonium aliquid judicare,
without regard to, Cic. Brut. 31, 117:aliquid contra verecundiam disputare,
contrary to the rules of decency, id. Off. 1, 35, 128:aliquid contra fidem constituere,
Quint. 5, 13, 34:quae majores nostri contra lubidinem animi sui recte atque ordine fecere,
contrary to the dictates of passion, Sall. C. 51, 4; id. J. 33, 1; cf. of logical opposition, II. E. 2. infra.—Dependent on substt.a.Of physical strife:b.scit ille imparem sibi luctatum contra nexus (draconis),
Plin. 8, 12, 12, § 33. —Of warfare:c.imperatorum copia contra tuum furorem,
Cic. Mur. 39, 83:Parthorum gloria contra nomen Romanum,
Liv. 9, 18, 6: in castris perditorum contra patriam, Planc. ap. Cic. Fam. 10, 23, 6.—Of legal contention:d.causa contra scriptum,
Cic. Inv. 2, 46, 135.—Of political speaking:e.divina M. Tullii eloquentia contra leges agrarias,
Quint. 2, 16, 7; 9, 3, 50; Gell. 18, 7, 7.—Of literary opposition:f.Caesaris vituperatio contra laudationem meam,
Cic. Att. 12, 40, 1.—Of hostility, etc.:g.cujus factum, inceptum, conatumve contra patriam,
Cic. Cat. 2, 12, 27:ullum factum dictumve nostrum contra utilitatem vestram,
Liv. 6, 40, 5.—Of injury:h.vitae cupiditas contra rem publicam,
Cic. Planc. 37, 90: contra serpentes venenum, fatal to serpents, or as a defence against serpents, Plin. 7, 2, 2, § 15.—Of violation, disregard, etc. (cf. 3. g):5.iter contra senatus auctoritatem,
Cic. Phil. 2, 19, 48:contra consuetudinem somnium,
Plin. 10, 77, 98, § 211:bonorum possessio contra tabulas,
Dig. 37, 4, 3, § 13; Gai Inst. 3, 41.—Dependent on adjectives (very rare; cf.D.II. D. 2. c. infra): contraque patris impii regnum impotens, avum resolvam,
Sen. Herc. Fur. 966.Of defence, protection, and resistance (syn.: adversus, ab).1.Against persons.a.Dependent on verbs:b.cum populus Romanus suam auctoritatem vel contra omnes qui dissentiunt possit defendere,
Cic. Imp. Pomp. 22, 63: si ego consul rem publicam [p. 457] contra te et gregales tuos defendissem, id. Sest. 52, 111; 22, 49; 8, 20; id. Fam. 11, 27, 7; id. Phil. 2, 18, 45:contra quem multum omnes boni providerunt,
provided a great defence, id. Mur. 38, 81: formula qua utitur patronus contra libertum qui eum in jus vocat, as a defence against, Gai Inst. 4, 46. —And of protection of plants against injurious animals:contra haec animalia proderit, si, etc.,
Pall. 10, 3, 2.—Dependent on adjectives, mostly participial:2.paratus contra,
Cic. Mil. 21, 56:nihil satis firmum contra Metellum,
Sall. J. 80, 1:contra potentes nemo est munitus satis,
Phaedr. 2, 6, 1.—Against inanimate and abstract things.a.Dependent on verbs:b.contra avium morsus munitur vallo aristarum,
Cic. Sen. 15, 51:propugnaculum, quo contra omnes meos impetus usurum se putat,
id. Verr. 2, 3, 16, § 40; 2, 5, 39, § 102:publicam causam contra vim armatam suscipere,
id. Dom. 34, 91; id. Quint. 30, 94; id. Leg. 3, 3, 9:contra tantas difficultates providere,
Sall. J. 90, 1; 76, 4; so,contra ea,
id. ib. 57, 5:patricii vi contra vim resistunt,
Liv. 3, 13, 4; Plin. 14, 2, 4, § 28; Tac. Agr. 45; Sen. Prov. 4, 12; id. Const. 5, 4.—Dependent on substt.:c.suffragia contra oppugnationem vestrae majestatis,
Cic. Rab. Perd. 12, 35:defensio contra vim,
id. Mil. 5, 14:patronus justitiae fuit contra orationem Phili,
id. Lael. 7, 25; Plin. 29, 2, 9, § 30; 14, 3, 4, § 40:contra labores patientia,
id. 23, 1, 22, § 37.—Dependent on adjectives (in Cic. freq. with P. a. predicatively used; otherwise very rare;3.in later prose freq.): nec est quidquam Cilicia contra Syriam munitius,
against an attack from the side of Syria, Cic. Fam. 14, 4, 4:ut nullius res tuta, nullius domus clausa, nullius vita saepta, nullius pudicitia munita contra tuam cupiditatem posset esse,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 15, § 39; id. Fin. 1, 16, 51; id. Mil. 25, 67; id. Tusc. 5, 8, 19; 5, 27, 76:vir contra audaciam firmissimus,
id. Rosc. Am. 30, 85; Sall. J. 33, 2; 28, 5:fortis contra dolorem,
Sen. Ep. 98, 18; Quint. 12, 1, 10:callosus,
Plin. 11, 37, 54, § 147; 14, 2, 4, § 23:far contra hiemes firmissimum,
id. 18, 8, 19, § 83:equus tenax contra vincula,
Ov. Am. 3, 4, 13:contraque minantia fata pervigil,
Claud. I. Cons. Stil. 1, 284.—Of remedies against sickness and its causes, poison, etc.; so only in Plin.; in Pall. only of preventives and of protection against hurtful animals, and against mental perturbations in gen.; cf. infra (syn. ad in Cat., Cic., Cels., Col.; adversus only in Celsus, who also has in with abl.).(α).Dependent on verbs:(β).cujus et vinum et uva contra serpentium ictus medetur,
Plin. 14, 18, 22, § 117; 7, 2, 2, § 13:prodest et contra suspiria et tussim,
id. 20, 13, 50, § 128:valet potum contra venena,
id. 28, 7, 21, § 74; 29, 4, 22, § 71; 29, 4, 26, § 81; 28, 8, 27, § 98; 16, 37, 71, § 180; 35, 6, 14, § 34; 28, 6, 18, §§ 65-67.—Dependent on substt.:(γ).remedium contra morsus,
Plin. 8, 32, 50, § 118; 10, 59, 79, § 163:contra venena esse omnia remedio,
id. 16, 44, 95, § 251; 17, 24, 37, § 240; 7, 1, 1, § 4.—Dependent on adjectives:(δ).vinum quod salutare contra pestilentiam sit,
Pall. 11, 14, 17.—Appositively, as a remedy:E.cujus lacteum succum miris laudibus celebrat... contra serpentes et venena,
Plin. 5, 1, 1, § 16; 29, 4, 26, § 83. —So of remedies against affections:Tiberium tonante caelo coronari ea (lauro) solitum ferunt contra fulminum metus,
Plin. 15, 30, 40, § 135; cf. Sen. Ira, 2, 21, 1; id. Tranq. 5. 1.Of logical opposition.1.With a neuter demonstrative (contra ea, contra haec, contra quae, quod contra = contra, adv.).a.The contrary, the reverse (very rare; cf.b.I. D. 1.): sed mihi contra ea videtur,
but to me the contrary seems true, Sall. J. 85, 1:omnia quae contra haec sunt, omnia quae contra sunt,
and vice versa, Quint. 5, 10, 90. —Contra ea, on the contrary, in logical antithesis (not in Cic. and Sall.; once in Caes. and Quint.; several times in Liv. and Nep.; cf.: contra ea, in other uses, II. A. 2. e. a, II. D. 2. a., II. A. 3. d., II. C. 1. f.):c.omnes arderent cupiditate pugnandi... contra ea Caesar... spatiumque interponendum... putabat ( = at contra),
but Caesar on the contrary, Caes. B. C. 3, 74: superbe ab Samnitibus... legati prohibiti commercio sunt;contra ea benigne ab Siculorum tyrannis adjuti,
Liv. 4, 52, 6; 2, 60, 1; 21, 20, 6;44, 43, 5: pater... Thracem me genuit, contra ea mater Atheniensem,
Nep. Iphicr. 3, 4; id. praef. 6; id. Alcib. 8, 1.—And after a question, with immo (cf. I. E. 5. b.):an infirmissimi omnium... (sumus)? Immo contra ea vel viribus nostris, vel, etc., tuti (sumus),
Liv. 41, 24, 8.—Quod contra, by anastrophe (v. F. 1.), contrary to which, whereas, while on the contrary (only once in Lucr. and three times in Cic.):2.illud in his rebus vereor ne forte rearis, Inpia te rationis inire elementa viamque indugredi sceleris: quod contra saepius illa Religio peperit scelerosa atque impia facta,
whereas on the contrary, Lucr. 1, 81:cujus a me corpus crematum est, quod contra decuit ab illo meum (sc. cremari),
Cic. Sen. 23, 84:quod contra oportebat delicto dolere, correctione gaudere,
id. Lael. 24, 90 (B. and K. place a comma after oportebat; cf.Nauck ad loc.): reliquum est ut eum nemo judicio defenderit: quod contra copiosissime defensum esse contendi,
id. Quint. 28, 87 (many consider contra in all these passages as an adverb; cf. Hand, Turs. II. p. 121 sq.; some explain quod as an ancient ablative, = qua re;v. Ritschl,
Plaut. Exc. p. 57, Munro ad Lucr. 1, 82).—With an abstract noun, with the force of the adverb contra with ac or atque (I. F. 1.), contrary to, contrary to what, etc. (esp. in Sall., not in Cic.; cf. praeter): celeriter contraque omnium opinionem confecto itinere, contrary to the opinion ( = contra ac rati erant), Caes. B. G. 6, 30:F.contra opinionem Jugurthae ad Thalam perveniunt,
Sall. J. 75, 9; Hirt. B. G. 8, 40.—Contra spem either contrary to the opinion, or against the hope:Metellus contra spem suam laetissume excipitur ( = contra ac ratus, veritus est),
Sall. J. 88, 1; so,cetera contra spem salva invenit,
Liv. 9, 23, 17:contra spem omnium L. Furium optavit,
id. 6, 25, 5; Curt. 8, 4, 45;but: at Jugurtha contra spem nuntio accepto ( = contra ac speraverat),
Sall. J. 28, 1; Liv. 24, 45, 3:postquam... Jugurtha contra timorem animi praemia sceleris adeptum sese videt,
Sall. J. 20, 1:ipse in Numidiam procedit, ubi contra belli faciem tuguria plena hominumque... erant ( = contra ac in bello evenire solet),
id. ib. 46, 5:contra famam,
Plin. 13, 22, 43, § 126; 7, 53, 54, § 180:segniterque et contra industriam absconditae formicae,
slowly, and in a manner different from their usual activity, id. 18, 35, 88, § 364.—Of persons:frigidam potionem esse debere, contra priores auctores, Asclepiades confirmavit,
contrary to the opinion of the former physicians, Cels. 4, 26 (19).Sometimes by anastrophe after its noun.1.In prose, after relatives, esp. in Cic.:2.quos contra disputant,
Cic. Ac. 2, 15, 47:quem contra dicit,
id. Phil. 2, 8, 18 (v. II. B. 1. f.):quem contra veneris,
id. Mur. 4, 9:quas contra, praeter te, etc.,
id. Vatin. 7, 18:eos ipsos quos contra statuas,
id. Or. 10, 34:quos contra me senatus armavit,
id. Att. 10, 8, 8:quam contra multa locutus est,
Sen. Ep. 82, 7, Plin. Ep. 1, 23, 3; Claud. in Rufin. 1, 332; v. also E. 1. c. supra.—After other words ( poet. and in post-Aug. prose):hunc igitur contra mittam contendere causam,
Lucr. 4, 471:dicere eos contra,
id. 4, 484:donique eum contra,
id. 5, 708:agmina contra,
Verg. A. 12, 279:magnum Alciden contra,
id. ib. 5, 414:Paridem contra,
id. ib. 5, 370:Italiam contra,
id. ib. 1, 13:deos contra,
Ov. P. 1, 1, 26:Messania moenia contra,
id. M. 14, 17:litora Calabriae contra,
Tac. A. 3, 1. -
15 invidia
invĭdĭa, ae, f. [invidus], envy, grudge, jealousy, act. and pass.; cf.:I.ut effugiamus ambiguum nomen invidiae,
Cic. Tusc. 3, 9, 20:quoniam invidia non in eo qui invidet solum dicitur, sed etiam in eo cui invidetur,
id. ib. 4, 7, 16; Quint. 6, 2, 21 (whereas invidentia is only act.; class.).Act., envy jealousy, ill-will. —With gen. of person envying:B.invidiā ducum perfidiāque militum Antigono est deditus,
Nep. Eum. 10:nobilium,
Liv. 9, 46.—With gen. of obj.:invidia atque obtrectatio laudis suae,
Caes. B. G. 1, 7:divitiarum,
Liv. 10, 3. More freq. absol.:invidia adducti,
Caes. B. G. 7, 77:invidiam sequi,
Sall. J. 55, 3:virtus digna imitatione, non invidiā,
Cic. Phil. 14, 6:invidia Siculi non invenere tyranni majus tormentum,
Hor. Ep. 1, 2, 58; Verg. G. 3, 38; Liv. 9, 46. —Esp., in phrases: sine invidia, without ill-will, ungrudgingly:C. II.laudem invenire,
Ter. And. 1, 1, 39:dare oscula,
willingly, with pleasure, Mart. 3, 65, 10.—Pass., envy, ill-will, odium, unpopularity:ne quae me illius temporis invidia attingeret,
Cic. Fam. 3, 10, 10:in invidia esse,
id. Div. in Caecil. 14; Sall. J. 25, 5:in invidiam invidia magna esse,
Plin. 18, 6, 8, § 41:habere,
to be hated, Cic. de Or. 2, 70, 283:reformidare,
id. Rab. Post. 17, 48:in summam invidiam adducere,
id. Fam. 1, 1, 4:extinguere,
id. Balb. 6, 16:in eum... invidia quaesita est,
id. Rab. Post. 17, 46:invidiam placare paras, virtute relictā,
Hor. S. 2, 3, 13: non erit invidiae victoria nostra ferendae, not sufficient to endure, i. e. not so great as to justify so odious a result, Ov. M. 10, 628; cf. id. Am. 3, 6, 21:venire in invidiam,
Nep. Epam. 7, 3:invidiā onerare quemquam,
Suet. Tib. 8:cumulare alicui invidiam,
id. Ner. 34:conflare,
Liv. 3, 12:invidiae alicui esse,
Cic. Cat. 1, 9:invidiam a se removere,
Ov. M. 12, 626:sedare,
Cic. Clu. 33:lenire,
Sall. C. 22:pati,
Ov. H. 20, 67: intacta invidiā media sunt: ad summa [p. 996] ferme tendit, Liv. 45, 35, 5:Ciceronis,
the unpopularity of, Sall. C. 22, 3:Caesaris,
Hirt. B. G. 8, 53; Suet. Rhet. 6:fraterna,
Sall. J. 39, 5:Decemviralis,
Liv. 3, 43.—Esp., in phrase: absit invidia verbo,
to be said without boasting, Liv. 9, 19, 15; 36, 7, 7.— Plur.:vita remota a procellis invidiarum,
Cic. Clu, 56, 153; Amm. 17, 5. -
16 repeto
rĕ-pĕto, īvi or ĭi, ītum, 3, v. a., to fall upon or attack again or anew, to strike again (syn. repercutio).I.Lit. (in gen. not till after the Aug. per.):B.regem repetitum saepius cuspide ad terram affixit,
after he had repeatedly attacked him, Liv. 4, 19; cf.:mulam calcibus et canem morsu,
Sen. Ira, 3, 27, 1:repetita per ilia ferrum,
Ov. M. 4, 733; 6, 562.— Absol.:bis cavere, bis repetere,
to attack twice, Quint. 5, 13, 54:signum erat omnium, Repete!
strike again, Suet. Calig. 58:ad Nolam armis repetendam,
Liv. 9, 28:repetitus toxico,
id. Claud. 44. —In partic.1.To prosecute again:2. (α).condicione propositā, ut, si quem quis repetere vellet, par periculum poenae subiret,
Suet. Aug. 32; id. Dom. 8 and 9; Dig. 48, 2, 3; 48, 16, 10; 15.—With acc.:(β).fratresque virumque,
Ov. H. 3, 143:Nearchum,
Hor. C. 3, 20, 6:Penates, ab orā Hispanā,
id. ib. 3, 14, 3:viam, quā venisset,
to retrace, Liv. 35, 28; cf. id. 9, 2, 8:castra,
id. 31, 21; Suet. Tib. 12:domum,
Hor. C. 1, 15, 6; Ov. P. 4, 4, 41; id. M. 3, 204:patriam,
id. H. 18, 123; Just. 32, 3, 7:Africam,
Liv. 25. 27:locum,
id. 3, 63:retro Apuliam,
id. 22, 18; cf. id. 31, 45 fin.; 40, 58 fin.:rursus Bithyniam,
Suet. Caes. 2:urbem atque ordinem senatorium,
id. Vit. 1:paludes,
Hor. C. 3, 27, 9:cavum,
id. Ep. 1, 7, 33:praesepia,
Verg. E. 7, 39:urbem,
id. A. 2, 749:Macedoniam,
Nep. Eum. 6, 1:pugnam (shortly before, redire in pugnam),
Liv. 37, 43:expeditionem,
Suet. Claud. 1.—With prep.:(γ).onerarias retro in Africam repetere,
Liv. 25, 25 fin. Drak.:ad vada,
Verg. Cul. 104:ad prima vestigia,
Grat. Cyn. 245.—Absol.:II.quid enim repetiimus (sc. patriam)?
Liv. 5, 51.—Freq. in medic. lang., to return, recur:morbi repetunt,
Cels. 2, 1; 3, 22; 4, 4; 14 al. —Transf. (class.).A. 1.Lit.:2.filium istinc repetere,
Plaut. Truc. 4, 3, 72:repudiatus repetor,
Ter. And. 1, 5, 14:Lysias est Atticus, quamquam Timaeus eum quasi Liciniā et Muciā lege repetit Syracusas,
Cic. Brut. 16, 63:qui maxime me repetistis atque revocastis,
id. Dom. 57, 144:navigo in Ephesum, ut aurum repetam ab Theotimo domum,
Plaut. Bacch. 4, 6, 7:ad haec (impedimenta) repetenda,
Caes. B. C. 3, 76:aliquid ab Urbe,
Suet. Calig. 39; cf.:thoracem Magni Alexandri e conditorio ejus,
id. ib. 52 fin.:partem reliquam copiarum continenti,
id. Aug. 16:alii (elephanti) deinde repetiti ac trajecti sunt,
others were then brought and passed over, Liv. 21, 28:ut alium repetat in eundem rogum,
Sen. Oedip. 61. —Trop., in partic.a.To take hold of or undertake again; to enter upon again; to recommence, resume, renew, repeat an action, a speech, etc. (cf.:b.renovo, restauro): praetermissa repetimus, incohata persequimur,
Cic. Fin. 5, 19, 51:longo intervallo haec studia repetentem,
id. Fat. 2, 4; id. Att. 15, 11, 1:oratio carens hac virtute (sc. ordine) necesse est multa repetat, multa transeat,
Quint. 7, prooem. §3: ad verbum repetita reddantur,
id. 11, 2, 39 et saep.:eadem vetera consilia,
Cic. Verr. 1, 6, 17:hoc primus repetas opus, hoc postremus omittas,
Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 48:susurri Compositā repetantur horā,
id. C. 1, 9, 20:relicta,
id. Ep. 1, 7, 97:verba,
Ov. H. 20, 9:audita,
id. ib. 20, 193:repetitum Mulciber aevum Poscit,
id. M. 9, 422:auspicia de integro,
Liv. 5, 17:pugnam,
id. 10, 36 acrius bellum, Just. 12, 2, 13:iter,
Ov. A. A. 3, 747:sollemnia,
Tac. A. 3, 6 fin.:spectacula ex antiquitate,
to restore, Suet. Claud. 21; cf.:genera ignominiarum ex antiquitate,
id. Tib. 19:legatum,
Dig. 30, 1, 32:usum fructum,
ib. 7, 4, 3.— With de:de mutatione litterarum nihil repetere hic necesse est,
Quint. 1, 7, 13.— With object-clause:repetam necesse est, infinitas esse species,
Quint. 6, 3, 101; 46: ut repetam coeptum pertexere dictis, Lucr. 1, 418; cf.:commemorare res,
id. 6, 936.— Poet.: rĕpĕtītus, a, um, as an adv., repeatedly, anew, again:repetita suis percussit pectora palmis,
Ov. M. 5, 473; 12, 287:robora caedit,
id. ib. 8, 769:vellera mollibat longo tractu,
by drawing out repeatedly, id. ib. 6, 20; cf.:haec decies repetita placebit,
Hor. A. P. 365. —In discourse, to draw, deduce, derive from anywhere; to go back to, begin from anywhere (cf. deduco):c.populum a stirpe,
Cic. Rep. 3, 12, 21:repetere populi originem,
id. ib. 2, 1, 3:ipsius juris ortum a fonte... stirpem juris a naturā,
id. Leg. 1, 6, 20:usque a Corace nescio quo et Tisiā,
id. de Or. 1, 20, 91; 2, 2, 6:ab ultimā antiquitate,
id. Fin. 1, 20, 65:brevis erit narratio, si non ab ultimo repetetur,
id. Inv. 1, 20, 28; Quint. 5, 10, 83:aliquid a Platonis auctoritate,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 12, 34:ingressio non ex oratoriis disputationibus ducta sed e mediā philosophiā repetita,
id. Or. 3, 11:res remotas ex litterarum monumentis,
id. Inv. 1, 1, 1: initia amicitiae ex parentibus nostris, Bithyn. ap. Cic. Fam. 6, 16 init.:verba ex ultimis tenebris, ex vetustate,
Quint. 8, 3, 25; 11, 1, 49; 1, 4, 4:alte vero et, ut oportet, a capite repetis, quod quaerimus,
Cic. Leg. 1, 6, 18:tam longa et tam alte repetita oratio,
id. de Or. 3, 24, 91; id. Rep. 4, 4, 4:repetam paulo altius, etc.,
id. Clu. 24, 66:altius omnem Expediam primā repetens ab origine famam,
Verg. G. 4, 286; so,altius,
Quint. 5, 7, 27; 6, 2, 2; 11, 1, 62; Suet. Ner. 2:transilire ante pedes posita et alia longe repetita sumere,
Cic. de Or. 3, 40, 160; so,longe,
id. Fam. 13, 29, 2; id. Div. 2, 58, 119:longius,
id. Inv. 1, 49, 91; Quint. 5, 7, 17; 5, 11, 23:repetitis atque enumeratis diebus,
reckoned backwards, Caes. B. C. 3, 105; so,repetitis diebus ex die vulneris,
Dig. 9, 2, 51, § 2:repetitā die,
ib. 10, 4, 9, § 6; 39, 2, 15, § 31; 43, 19, 1, § 10; 22, 4, 3.—Repetere aliquid memoriā, memoriam rei, or (rarely without memoriā) aliquid, to call up again in the mind; to call to mind, recall, recollect (cf.:B. 1.revoco, recordor): cogitanti mihi saepenumero et memoriā vetera repetenti,
Cic. de Or. 1, 1, 1; id. Fam. 11, 27, 2; id. Rep. 1, 8, 13; Verg. A. 1, 372:repete memoriā tecum, quando, etc.,
Sen. Brev. Vit. 3, 3; cf. with object-clause: memoriā repeto, diem esse hodiernum, quo, etc., Scipio Afric. ap. Gell. 4, 18, 3; Quint. 1, 6, 10:repete temporis illius memoriam,
Cic. Deiot. 7, 20; id. Verr. 2, 4, 47, § 105:memoriam ex annalibus,
Liv. 8, 18:veteris cujusdam memoriae recordationem,
Cic. de Or. 1, 2, 4.—Without memoriā:reminisci quom ea, quae tenuit mens ac memoria, cogitando repetuntur,
Varr. L. L. 6, § 44 Müll.:si omnium mearum praecepta litterarum repetes, intelleges, etc.,
Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 2, § 7:supra repetere et paucis instituta majorum disserere,
Sall. C. 5, 9:unde tuos primum repetam, mea Cynthia, fastus,
Prop. 1, 18, 5:cum repeto noctem, quā, etc.,
Ov. Tr. 1, 3, 3:te animo repetentem exempla tuorum,
Verg. A. 12, 439.— With object-clause:repeto, me correptum ab eo, cur ambularem,
Plin. Ep. 3, 5, 16; 7, 6, 7; 13; Suet. Gram. 4:multum ante repetito, concordem sibi conjugem, etc.,
Tac. A. 3, 33.— Absol.:inde usque repetens, hoc video,
Cic. Arch. 1, 1:genitor mihi talia (namque Nunc repeto) Anchises fatorum arcana reliquit,
Verg. A. 7, 123; 3, 184.—In gen.a.Lit.:b.si quis mutuom quid dederit, fit pro proprio perditum, quom repetas,
Plaut. Trin. 4, 3, 45; cf. id. ib. 5, 2, 7:suom,
id. Ps. 1, 3, 63:neque repeto pro illā quidquam abs te pretii,
Ter. Eun. 4, 6, 11:bona sua,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 13, § 32:abs te sestertium miliens ex lege,
id. Div. in Caecil. 5, 19:ereptas pecunias,
id. ib. 5, 18; cf.:quae erepta sunt,
id. Sull. 32, 89:mea promissa,
id. Planc. 42, 101:obsides,
Caes. B. G. 1, 31:urbes bello superatas in antiquum jus,
Liv. 35, 16, 6:Homerum Colophonii civem esse dicunt suum, Chii suum vindicant, Salaminii repetunt,
Cic. Arch. 8, 19:Cicero Gallum a Verticone repetit, qui litteras ad Caesarem referat,
applied again for, Caes. B. G. 5, 49:si forte suas repetitum venerit plumas,
Hor. Ep. 1, 3, 18:nec repetita sequi curet Proserpina matrem,
Verg. G. 1, 39:Politorium rursus bello,
to retake, Liv. 1, 33, 3.—Trop.: qui repetit eam, quam ego patri suo quondam spoponderim, dignitatem, Cic. Fl. 42, 106; cf.:2.pro eo (beneficio) gratiam repetere,
Liv. 1, 47:civitatem in libertatem,
id. 34, 22, 11:parentum poenas a consceleratissimis filiis,
Cic. Rosc. Am. 24, 67:ab isto eas poenas vi repetisse, aliquo,
id. Verr. 2, 5, 63, § 163:ut ne mors quidem sit in repetendā libertate fugiendā,
in the effort to recover, id. Phil. 10, 10, 20:libertatem per occasionem,
Liv. 3, 49; cf.:dies ille libertatis improspere repetitae,
Tac. A. 1, 8:beneficia ab aliquo,
Sall. J. 96, 2:honores quasi debitos ab aliquo,
id. ib. 85, 37:repete a me rempublicam,
take back from me, Suet. Caes. 78: repetitumque, duobus uti mandaretur consulum nomen imperiumque, it was demanded again, that, etc., Liv. 3, 33: se repetere, to recover one ' s self, Sen. Ep. 104, 6.—In partic., publicists' and jurid. t. t.a.Of the fetiales: repetere res, to demand back from the enemy things which they had taken as booty; hence, in gen., to demand satisfaction:b.(fetiales) mittebantur antequam conciperetur (bellum), qui res repeterent,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 86 Müll.; Liv. 1, 32; 4, 30; 7, 6; 32; Cic. Off. 1, 11, 36:jure gentium res repeto,
Sall. H. 3, 61, 17 Dietsch:amissa bello repetere,
Just. 6, 6, 7; cf. clarigatio and clarigo. —In jurid. lang.: res repetere, to demand back or reclaim one ' s property before a court:c.in iis rebus repetendis, quae mancipi sunt,
Cic. Mur. 2, 3.— Hence, transf., in gen., to seek to obtain, to reclaim: non ex jure manum consertum, sed magi' ferro Rem repetunt, Enn. ap. Gell. 20, 10 (Ann. v. 277 Vahl.).—Pecuniae repetundae, or simply repetundae, money or other things extorted by a provincial governor, and that are to be restored (at a later period, referring to any bribed officer):L. Piso legem de pecuniis repetundis primus tulit,
Cic. Verr. 2, 3, 84, § 195; 2, 4, 25, § 56; id. Brut. 27, 106; id. Off. 2, 21, 75:quorum causā judicium de pecuniis repetundis est constitutum,
id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 11:clames te lege pecuniarum repetundarum non teneri,
id. Clu. 53, 148:pecuniarum repetundarum reus,
Sall. C. 18, 3:oppugnatus in judicio pecuniarum repetundarum,
id. ib. 49, 2:quā lege a senatore ratio repeti solet de pecuniis repetundis,
Cic. Clu. 37, 104:accusare de pecuniis repetundis,
id. Rab. Post. 4, 9; id. Clu. 41, 114:cum de pecuniis repetundis nomen cujuspiam deferatur,
id. Div. in Caecil. 3, 10:de pecuniis repetundis ad recuperatores itum est,
Tac. A. 1, 74 fin. —With ellipsis of pecuniis:repetundarum causae, crimen, lex,
Quint. 4, 2, 85; 5, 7, 5; 4, 2, 15; Tac. A. 4, 19; 13, 43; 12, 22; 13, 33; id. H. 1, 77; 4, 45; Plin. Ep. 2, 11, 3:repetundarum reus,
Val. Max. 9, 12, 7:repetundarum argui,
Tac. A. 3, 33:accusare,
Suet. Dom. 8:postulari,
Tac. A. 3, 66; Suet. Caes. 4:absolvi,
Tac. A. 13, 30:convinci,
Suet. Caes. 43:damnari,
Tac. A. 3, 70; 14, 28:teneri,
id. ib. 11, 7: Pilius de repetundis eum postulavit, Cael. ap. Cic. Fam. 8, 8, 2 (for which, §3, de pecuniis repetundis): neque absolutus neque damnatus Servilius de repetundis,
id. ib. §3: damnatum repetundis consularem virum,
Suet. Oth. 2 fin. -
17 specto
specto, āvi, ātum, 1, v. freq. a. [id.], to look at, behold; to gaze at, watch, observe, etc. (freq. and class.; syn.: adspicio, speculor, conspicor, contueor).I.Lit.A.In gen.(α).With acc.:(β).speculum a speciendo, quod ibi se spectant,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 129 Müll.; cf. id. ib. 6, §82 ib.: si vis videre ludos jucundissimos... amores tuos si vis spectare,
Plaut. Poen. 1, 1, 81:spectare aliquid et visere,
Cic. Tusc. 1, 19, 44:taceas, me spectes,
Plaut. As. 3, 3, 90:quid illas spectas?
id. Rud. 3, 4, 54; id. Am. 1, 1, 268:ere, ne me spectes,
Ter. Eun. 5, 5, 18:corpora,
Lucr. 4, 1102:ingentes acervos,
Hor. C. 2, 2, 24:gaude quod spectant oculi te mille loquentem,
id. Ep. 1, 6, 19:cum modo me spectas oculis protervis,
Ov. H. 16 (17), 77:spectari tergo,
id. A. A. 3, 774:Zoroaster primus siderum motus diligentissime spectasse dicitur,
Just. 1, 1, 9.—With rel.clause:(γ).tacitus te sequor, Spectans quas tu res hoc ornatu geras,
Plaut. Bacch. 1, 2, 2:specta quam arcte dormiunt,
id. Most. 3, 2, 144; cf.:saepe tui, specto, si sint in litore passus,
Ov. H. 18 (19), 27.—Absol.:(δ).vise, specta tuo arbitratu,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 106: Am. Sosia, age me huc aspice. So. Specto, id. Am. 2, 2, 119:quam magis specto, minus placet mihi hominis facies,
id. Trin. 4, 2, 19:alte spectare,
Cic. Rep. 6, 23, 25:populo spectante,
Hor. Ep. 1, 6, 60.—With ad, in, per, or adv. of place:(ε).spectare ad carceris oras,
Enn. Ann. 1, 102:quaeso huc ad me specta,
Plaut. Most. 3, 2, 149; so, ad me, Afran. ap. Isid. Orig. 12, 8, 16:ad dexteram,
Plaut. Poen. 3, 4, 1:tota domus, quae spectat in nos solos,
Cic. Off. 1, 17, 58:ego limis specto Sic per flabellum clanculum,
Ter. Eun. 3, 5, 53:quoquo hic spectabit, eo tu spectato simul,
Plaut. Ps. 3, 2, 69.—Impers. pass. with subj. or final clause:(ζ).cum plausu congregari feros (pisces) ad cibum assuetudine, in quibusdam vivariis spectetur,
Plin. 10, 70, 89, § 193:spectandum ne quoi anulum det,
Plaut. As. 4, 1, 33. —With inf.:B.spectet currere Gangem,
Sen. Herc. Oet. 629:minaces ire per caelum faces specta,
id. ib. 325.—In partic.1.To look at or see (a play or an actor) as a spectator, to look on:2.fabulam,
Plaut. Bacch. 2, 2, 37:Megalesia,
Cic. Har. Resp. 11, 22; Hor. A. P. 190:ludos,
id. S. 2, 6, 48; 2, 8, 79; id. Ep. 2, 1, 203; Suet. Aug. 40; 53 al.:Circenses,
id. ib. 45; id. Claud. 4:pugiles,
id. Aug. 45:artifices saltationis,
id. Tit. 7 al. —With inf.:spectavi ego pridem Comicos ad istum modum Sapienter dicta dicere atque is plaudier,
Plaut. Rud. 4, 7, 23:matronae tacitae spectent, tacitae rideant,
id. Poen. prol. 32:jam hic deludetur (Amphitruo), spectatores, vobis spectantibus,
id. Am. 3, 4, 15; cf. id. ib. prol. 151. —Hence, very often in inscrr. and tesseris: GLADIATORIIS SP., i. e. spectatus, of a gladiator who had stood the first public fight, Inscr. Orell. 2561 sq.; cf.: Morcelli delle tessere degli spettacoli Roma, Becker, Antiq. 4, p. 562.—Of localities, to look, face, lie, be situated towards any quarter (syn.: prospicio, vergo); constr. usu. with ad, in, inter, etc., or an adv. of place; less freq. with acc.:3.(hujus insulae) alter angulus ad orientem solem, inferior ad meridiem spectat,
Caes. B. G. 5, 13; so,ad orientem solem,
id. ib. 7, 69:ad fretum,
Cic. Verr. 2, 5, 66, § 169:ager, qui in ventum Favonium spectet,
Varr. R. R. 1, 24, 1:in urbem... in Etruriam,
Liv. 5, 5;v. also infra: Aquitania spectat inter occasum solis et septentriones,
is situated to the north - west, Caes. B. G. 1, 1 fin.: quare fit, ut introversus et ad te Spectent atque ferant vestigia se omnia prorsus, Lucil. ap. Non. 402, 7; cf.:ut ora eorum deorsum spectent,
Col. 12, 16, 4:vestigia Omnia te adversum spectantia, nulla retrorsum,
Hor. Ep. 1, 1, 75:quo (villae) spectent porticibus,
Varr. R. R. 1, 4, 4: Creta altior est, quā spectat orientem, Sall. ap. Serv. Verg. A. 6, 23 (H. 3, 58 Dietsch):Acarnania solem occidentem et mare Siculum spectat,
Liv. 33, 17, 5:mediterranea regio est, orientem spectat,
id. 25, 9, 10; 30, 25, 11:quae et Tanaim et Bactra spectant,
Curt. 7, 7, 4; Plin. Ep. 5, 6, 15; Vell. 1, 11, 3:ab eo latere, quo (Gadis) Hispaniam spectat,
Plin. 4, 21, 36, § 120; 6, 17, 20, § 53.— Transf., of nations:Belgae spectant in septentriones et orientem solem,
Caes. B. G. 1, 1, 6:Masaesyli in regionem Hispaniae spectant,
Liv. 28, 17.—To examine, try, test:II.(argentum) dare spectandum,
Plaut. Pers. 3, 3, 35:ut fulvum spectatur in ignibus aurum, Tempore sic duro est inspicienda fides,
Ov. Tr. 1, 5, 25; cf.:qui pecuniā non movetur... hunc igni spectatum arbitrantur,
as having stood the test of fire, Cic. Off. 2, 11, 38; cf. spectatio, I. B., and spectator, I. B.—Trop.A.In gen., to look at, behold, see, regard, consider (very rare):B.specta rem modo!
Plaut. Bacch. 4, 6, 14:audaciam meretricum specta,
Ter. Eun. 5, 5, 24:importunitatem spectate aniculae,
id. And. 1, 4, 4:suave, E terrā magnum alterius spectare laborem,
Lucr. 2, 2: caeli signorum admirabilem ordinem spectat, Cic. Fragm. ap. Non. 402, 17:ad te unum omnis mea spectat oratio,
Cic. Deiot. 2, 5.—In partic.1.To look to a thing, as to an end or guide of action; hence, to have in view, bear in mind; to aim, strive, or endeavor after; to meditate; to tend, incline, refer, pertain, or have regard to a thing (freq. and class.;2.syn.: contendo, pertineo, tendo): juvenes magna spectare et ad ea rectis studiis debent contendere,
Cic. Off. 2, 13, 45:nec commune bonum poterant spectare,
Lucr. 5, 958:rem, non hominem, spectari oportere,
Auct. Her. 1, 6, 9:nihil spectat nisi fugam,
Cic. Att. 8, 7, 1:Pompeius statuisse videtur, quid vos in judicando spectare oporteret,
id. Mil. 6, 15:nos ea, quae sunt in usu vitāque communi, non ea quae finguntur aut optantur spectare debemus,
id. Lael. 5, 18:ingenti consensu defectionem omnes spectare,
Liv. 22, 22, 21:arma et bellum,
id. 3, 69, 2:Romani, desperatā ope humanā, fata et deos spectabant,
id. 5, 16, 8; Curt. 9, 7, 2; Just. 13, 1, 8:tota domus quae spectat in nos solos,
relies on, Cic. Off. 1, 17, 58:in philosophiā res spectatur, non verba penduntur,
id. Or. 16, 51:mores,
id. Off. 2, 20, 69; so (with sequi) id. de Or. 2, 50, 204:quem locum probandae virtutis tuae spectas?
do you seek? Caes. B. G. 5, 44:noli spectare, quanti homo sit,
Cic. Q. Fr. 1, 2, 4, § 14:me spectasse semper, ut tibi possem quam maxime esse conjunctus,
id. Fam. 5, 8, 3:ad imperatorias laudes,
id. Vatin. 10, 24:ad suam magis gloriam quam ad salutem rei publicae,
id. Sest. 16, 37:ad vitulam,
Verg. E. 3, 48:cum plebes Nolana de integro ad defectionem spectaret,
Liv. 23, 16, 2; so id. 23, 6, 4:ab scelere ad aliud spectare mulier scelus,
id. 1, 47, 1; 34, 56, 10.—Of subjects not personal:et prima et media verba spectare debent ad ultimum,
Cic. Or. 59, 200:ad arma rem spectare,
id. Fam. 14, 5, 1; cf.:rem ad seditionem spectare,
Liv. 25, 3, 19:ad vim spectare res coepit,
id. 1, 9, 6; cf.:si ad perniciem patriae res spectabit,
Cic. Off. 2, 23, 90:aliquid anquirunt, quod spectet et valeat ad bene beateque vivendum,
id. ib. 2, 2, 6:ea non tam ad religionem spectant, quam ad jus sepulcrorum,
belong to, concern, id. Leg. 2, 23, 58:quoniam de eo genere beneficiorum dictum est, quae ad singulos spectant: deinceps de iis, quae ad universos pertinent, disputandum est,
id. Off. 2, 21, 72; cf. id. ib. 1, 3, 7: artem negabat esse ullam, nisi quae cognitis et in unum exitum spectantibus, Cic. de Or. 1, 20, 92:nostra consilia sempiternum tempus spectare debent,
id. ib. 2, 40, 169:solvendi necessitas debitorem spectat,
Dig. 2, 14, 42:res eo spectat, ut eā poenā non videamini esse contenti,
Cic. Lig. 5, 13:hoc eo spectabat, ut eam (Pythiam) a Philippo corruptam diceret,
id. de Div. 2, 57, 118: summa judicii mei spectat huc, ut meorum injurias ferre possim, Anton. ap. Cic. Phil. 13, 20, 46:quo igitur haec spectat oratio?
Cic. Att. 8, 2, 4; cf. id. Phil. 13, 20, 46:quorsum haec omnis spectat oratio?
id. ib. 7, 9, 26 et saep.:quia quicquid ad corpus spectat, et immortalitatis est expers, vanum sit,
Lact. 3, 12, 33.—(Acc. to I. B. 3.) To judge of; to try, test (syn. probo):A.nemo illum ex trunco corporis spectabat, sed ex artificio comico aestimabat,
Cic. Rosc. Com. 10, 28:alicujus animum ex animo suo,
Ter. And. 4, 1, 22:non igitur ex singulis vocibus philosophi spectandi sunt, sed ex perpetuitate atque constantiā,
Cic. Tusc. 5, 10, 31:ex meo otium tuum specto,
id. Att. 12, 39:quod ego non tam fastidiose in nobis quam in histrionibus spectari puto,
id. de Or. 1, 61, 258:ubi facillime spectatur mulier, quae ingenio'st bono?
Plaut. Stich. 1, 2, 59; cf.:hominem in dubiis periclis,
Lucr. 3, 55:beneficium a deteriore parte,
Sen. Ben. 2, 28, 2.—Hence, spectātus, a, um, P. a. (acc. to II. B. 2.).Tried, tested, proved (syn.: probatus, cognitus): tuam probatam et spectatam maxime adulescentiam, Lucil. ap. Non. 437, 14:B.homines spectati et probati,
Cic. de Or. 1, 27, 124:fides spectata et diu cognita,
id. Div. in Caecil. 4, 11; Ov. P. 2, 7, 82:pietas spectata per ignes,
id. F. 4, 37:integritas,
Liv. 26, 49, 16; cf.:homo in rebus judicandis spectatus et cognitus,
Cic. Verr. 1, 10, 29:spectata ac nobilitata virtus,
id. Fl. 26, 63:spectata multis magnisque rebus singularis integritas,
id. Phil. 3, 10, 26:rebus spectata juventus,
Verg. A. 8, 151:utebatur medico ignobili, sed spectato homine, Cleophanto,
id. Clu. 16, 47:mores,
Plaut. Pers. 2, 1, 4:ni virtus fidesque vestra spectata mihi forent,
Sall. C. 20, 2.— Sup.:id cuique spectatissimum sit, quod occurrerit, etc.,
let that be the best test of each, Liv. 1, 57, 7.—With subject-clause:mihi satis spectatum est, Pompeium malle principem volentibus vobis esse quam, etc.,
Sall. H. 3, 61, 23 Dietsch.—In gen., looked up to, respected, esteemed, worthy, excellent:fecere tale ante alii spectati viri,
Plaut. Merc. 2, 2, 47:in perfecto et spectato viro,
Cic. Lael. 2, 9:homines,
id. Div. in Caecil. 7, 24:castitas,
Liv. 1, 57, 10.— Comp.:quo non spectatior alter,
Sil. 1, 440.— Sup.:auctoritas clarissimi et spectatissimi viri atque in primis probati,
Cic. Fam. 5, 12, 7:spectatissima femina,
id. Rosc. Am. 50, 147.—Of things (Plinian):paeninsula spectatior (with flumen clarum),
Plin. 4, 18, 32, § 107:spectatius artificium,
id. 11, 1, 1, § 1:spectatissima laurus,
id. 15, 30, 40, § 134.— Hence, adv.: spectātē, splendidly, excellently:spectatissime florere,
Plin. 21, 1, 1, § 2:spectatissime ministrere,
Amm. 28, 3, 9. -
18 vea
vĭa ( vĕa, Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 14), ae ( gen. sing. vias, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 679 P., or Ann. v. 421 Vahl.; viāï, Enn. ap. Cic. Sen. 6, 16, or Ann. v. 209 ib.; Lucr. 1, 406; 1, 659; 2, 249 et saep.; dat. plur. VIEIS, Inscr. Lat. 206, 50), f. [Sanscr. vah-āmi, bring, lead; Gr. ochos, ochêma, vehicle; Germ. Wagen; Engl. wagon; from this root are also veho, vexo, etc.], a way, in the most general sense (for men, beasts, or carriages, within or without a city), a highway, road, path, street.I.Lit.1.In gen.:2.viae latitudo ex lege duodecim tabularum in porrectum octo pedes habet, in anfractum, id est ubi flexum est, sedecim,
Dig. 8, 3, 8:Romam in montibus positam et convallibus, non optimis viis, angustissimis semitis,
Cic. Agr. 2, 35, 96:et modo quae fuerat semita, facta via est,
Mart. 7, 61, 4:aut viam aut semitam monstret,
Plaut. Rud. 1, 3, 30:mi opsistere in viā,
id. Curc. 2, 3, 5:ire in viā,
Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 42:omnibus viis notis semitisque essedarios ex silvis emittebat,
Caes. B. G. 5, 19 (opp. semita), id. ib. 7, 8; Liv. 44, 43, 1; cf.:decedam ego illi de viā,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 80; cf. id. Curc. 2, 3, 8:paulum ad dexteram de viā declinavi,
Cic. Fin. 5, 2, 5:decedere viā,
Suet. Tib. 31:aestuosa et pulverulenta via,
Cic. Att. 5, 14, 1:quā (viā) Sequanis invitis propter angustias ire non poterant,
Caes. B. G. 1, 9:cursare huc illuc viā deterrimā,
Cic. Att. 9, 9, 2:in viam se dare,
to set out on a journey, id. Fam. 14, 12:te neque navigationi neque viae committere,
id. ib. 16, 4, 1:tu abi tuam viam,
Plaut. Rud. 4, 3, 88:milites monuit, viā omnes irent, nec deverti quemquam paterentur,
along the highway, Liv. 25, 9, 4.—In a double sense:ire publicā viā,
Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 35.—Prov.: qui sibi semitam non sapiunt, alteri monstrant viam, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 58, 132 (Trag. v. 358 Vahl.):de viā in semitam degredi,
Plaut. Cas. 3, 5, 40:totā errare viā,
Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 14.—In partic., as the name of a particular street or road:B.tres ergo viae, a supero mari Flaminia, ab infero Aurelia, media Cassia,
Cic. Phil. 12, 9, 22:Via Appia,
id. Mil. 6, 15; id. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55; cf. Liv. 9, 29, 6;v. Appius: Via Campana,
Suet. Aug. 94;v. Campania: Sacra Via, in Rome, in the fourth region,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 47 Müll.; Fest. p. 290 ib.; Cic. Planc. 7, 17; Hor. Epod. 4, 7; 7, 8:Via Sacra,
id. S. 1, 9, 1;also written as one word, SACRAVIA,
Inscr. Grut. 638, 7; 1033, 1; cf. Charis. p. 6 P.; Diom. p. 401 ib. (v. sacer, I. A.); cf. Becker, Antiq. 1, p. 219 sq.— Hence, Sacrăvĭenses, ĭum, m., those dwelling on the Sacra Via, Fest. s. v. October equus, p. 178 Müll.—Transf.1.Abstr., like our way, for march, journey (syn. iter):2.cum de viā languerem,
Cic. Phil. 1, 5, 12:nisi de viā fessus esset,
id. Ac. 1, 1, 1: tridui via, a three days' march or journey, Caes. B. G. 1, 38:bidui,
id. ib. 6, 7; Cic. Div. 1, 15, 27:longitudo viae,
Liv. 37, 33, 3:flecte viam velis,
Verg. A. 5, 28:tum via tuta maris,
Ov. M. 11, 747:feci Longa Pherecleā per freta puppe vias,
id. H. 16, 22:ne inter vias praeterbitamus, metuo,
by the way, on the road, Plaut. Poen. 5, 3, 43; Ter. Eun. 4, 2, 1; Turp. ap. Non. p. 538, 8 et saep.—In gen., a way, passage, channel, pipe, etc.; thus, a lane in a camp, Caes. B. G. 5, 49; a passage between the seats of a theatre, Mart. 5, 14, 8; Tert. Spect. 3; of the veins:II.omnes ejus (sanguinis) viae,
Cic. N. D. 2, 55, 137; of the chyle ducts:quaedam a medio intestino usque ad portas jecoris ductae et directae viae,
id. ib.; the windpipe, Ov. M. 15, 344; 14, 498; a cleft through which any thing penetrates, Verg. G. 2, 79; cf. Ov. M. 11, 515; the path or track of an arrow, Verg. A. 5, 526; a stripe in a party-colored fabric, Tib. 2, 3, 54 et saep.—Trop.A.In gen., a way, method, mode, manner, fashion, etc., of doing any thing, course (cf. modus):B.vitae,
Cic. Fl. 42, 105; id. Agr. 1, 9, 27; id. Sest. 67, 140; Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 26; Sen. Brev. Vit. 9, 5; Lact. Epit. 67, 12:via vivendi,
Cic. Off. 1, 32, 118:rectam vitae viam sequi,
id. ib.:Socrates hanc viam ad gloriam proximam dicebat esse,
id. ib. 2, 12, 43:haec ad aeternam gloriam via est,
Plin. 2, 7, 5, § 18:haec una via omnibus ad salutem visa est,
Liv. 36, 27, 8:invenire viam ad mortem,
Plin. Ep. 3, 16, 12:totidem ad mortem viae sunt,
Sen. Contr. 1, 8, 6:cum eum hortarer ut eam laudis viam rectissimam esse duceret,
Cic. Brut. 81, 281: haec est una via laudis, id. Sest. 65, 137:totam ignoras viam gloriae,
id. Phil. 1, 14, 33:quae tum promptissima mortis via, exsolvit venas,
Tac. A. 16, 17:habeo certam viam atque rationem, quā omnes illorum conatus investigare et consequi possim,
Cic. Verr. 1, 16, 48:defensionis ratio viaque,
id. ib. 2, 5, 1, §4: non tam justitiae quam litigandi tradunt vias,
id. Leg. 1, 6, 18:docendi via,
id. Or. 32, 114:optimarum artium vias tradere,
id. Div. 2, 1, 1:(di) non... nullas dant vias nobis ad significationum scientiam,
id. ib. 2, 49, 102:rectam instas viam,
i. e. you speak correctly, truly, Plaut. As. 1, 1, 41.—Adverb.: rectā viā, directly:ut rectā viā rem narret ordine omnem,
Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 28.—Pregn. (cf. ratio), the right way, the true method, mode, or manner:C.ingressu'st viam, i. e. rectam,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 273:in omnibus quae ratione docentur et viā, primum constituendum est, quid quidque sit, etc.,
rationally and methodically, Cic. Or. 33, 116:ut ratione et viā procedat oratio,
id. Fin. 1, 9, 29.—Adverb.: viā, rightly, properly (opp. to wandering out of the way):ipsus eam rem secum reputavit viā,
Ter. And. 2, 6, 11:viā et arte dicere,
Cic. Brut. 12, 46. —Viam perficere, i. e. to attain an end, Just. Inst. proöem. 1. -
19 via
vĭa ( vĕa, Varr. R. R. 1, 2, 14), ae ( gen. sing. vias, Enn. ap. Prisc. p. 679 P., or Ann. v. 421 Vahl.; viāï, Enn. ap. Cic. Sen. 6, 16, or Ann. v. 209 ib.; Lucr. 1, 406; 1, 659; 2, 249 et saep.; dat. plur. VIEIS, Inscr. Lat. 206, 50), f. [Sanscr. vah-āmi, bring, lead; Gr. ochos, ochêma, vehicle; Germ. Wagen; Engl. wagon; from this root are also veho, vexo, etc.], a way, in the most general sense (for men, beasts, or carriages, within or without a city), a highway, road, path, street.I.Lit.1.In gen.:2.viae latitudo ex lege duodecim tabularum in porrectum octo pedes habet, in anfractum, id est ubi flexum est, sedecim,
Dig. 8, 3, 8:Romam in montibus positam et convallibus, non optimis viis, angustissimis semitis,
Cic. Agr. 2, 35, 96:et modo quae fuerat semita, facta via est,
Mart. 7, 61, 4:aut viam aut semitam monstret,
Plaut. Rud. 1, 3, 30:mi opsistere in viā,
id. Curc. 2, 3, 5:ire in viā,
Ter. Eun. 3, 2, 42:omnibus viis notis semitisque essedarios ex silvis emittebat,
Caes. B. G. 5, 19 (opp. semita), id. ib. 7, 8; Liv. 44, 43, 1; cf.:decedam ego illi de viā,
Plaut. Trin. 2, 4, 80; cf. id. Curc. 2, 3, 8:paulum ad dexteram de viā declinavi,
Cic. Fin. 5, 2, 5:decedere viā,
Suet. Tib. 31:aestuosa et pulverulenta via,
Cic. Att. 5, 14, 1:quā (viā) Sequanis invitis propter angustias ire non poterant,
Caes. B. G. 1, 9:cursare huc illuc viā deterrimā,
Cic. Att. 9, 9, 2:in viam se dare,
to set out on a journey, id. Fam. 14, 12:te neque navigationi neque viae committere,
id. ib. 16, 4, 1:tu abi tuam viam,
Plaut. Rud. 4, 3, 88:milites monuit, viā omnes irent, nec deverti quemquam paterentur,
along the highway, Liv. 25, 9, 4.—In a double sense:ire publicā viā,
Plaut. Curc. 1, 1, 35.—Prov.: qui sibi semitam non sapiunt, alteri monstrant viam, Enn. ap. Cic. Div. 1, 58, 132 (Trag. v. 358 Vahl.):de viā in semitam degredi,
Plaut. Cas. 3, 5, 40:totā errare viā,
Ter. Eun. 2, 2, 14.—In partic., as the name of a particular street or road:B.tres ergo viae, a supero mari Flaminia, ab infero Aurelia, media Cassia,
Cic. Phil. 12, 9, 22:Via Appia,
id. Mil. 6, 15; id. Imp. Pomp. 18, 55; cf. Liv. 9, 29, 6;v. Appius: Via Campana,
Suet. Aug. 94;v. Campania: Sacra Via, in Rome, in the fourth region,
Varr. L. L. 5, § 47 Müll.; Fest. p. 290 ib.; Cic. Planc. 7, 17; Hor. Epod. 4, 7; 7, 8:Via Sacra,
id. S. 1, 9, 1;also written as one word, SACRAVIA,
Inscr. Grut. 638, 7; 1033, 1; cf. Charis. p. 6 P.; Diom. p. 401 ib. (v. sacer, I. A.); cf. Becker, Antiq. 1, p. 219 sq.— Hence, Sacrăvĭenses, ĭum, m., those dwelling on the Sacra Via, Fest. s. v. October equus, p. 178 Müll.—Transf.1.Abstr., like our way, for march, journey (syn. iter):2.cum de viā languerem,
Cic. Phil. 1, 5, 12:nisi de viā fessus esset,
id. Ac. 1, 1, 1: tridui via, a three days' march or journey, Caes. B. G. 1, 38:bidui,
id. ib. 6, 7; Cic. Div. 1, 15, 27:longitudo viae,
Liv. 37, 33, 3:flecte viam velis,
Verg. A. 5, 28:tum via tuta maris,
Ov. M. 11, 747:feci Longa Pherecleā per freta puppe vias,
id. H. 16, 22:ne inter vias praeterbitamus, metuo,
by the way, on the road, Plaut. Poen. 5, 3, 43; Ter. Eun. 4, 2, 1; Turp. ap. Non. p. 538, 8 et saep.—In gen., a way, passage, channel, pipe, etc.; thus, a lane in a camp, Caes. B. G. 5, 49; a passage between the seats of a theatre, Mart. 5, 14, 8; Tert. Spect. 3; of the veins:II.omnes ejus (sanguinis) viae,
Cic. N. D. 2, 55, 137; of the chyle ducts:quaedam a medio intestino usque ad portas jecoris ductae et directae viae,
id. ib.; the windpipe, Ov. M. 15, 344; 14, 498; a cleft through which any thing penetrates, Verg. G. 2, 79; cf. Ov. M. 11, 515; the path or track of an arrow, Verg. A. 5, 526; a stripe in a party-colored fabric, Tib. 2, 3, 54 et saep.—Trop.A.In gen., a way, method, mode, manner, fashion, etc., of doing any thing, course (cf. modus):B.vitae,
Cic. Fl. 42, 105; id. Agr. 1, 9, 27; id. Sest. 67, 140; Hor. Ep. 1, 17, 26; Sen. Brev. Vit. 9, 5; Lact. Epit. 67, 12:via vivendi,
Cic. Off. 1, 32, 118:rectam vitae viam sequi,
id. ib.:Socrates hanc viam ad gloriam proximam dicebat esse,
id. ib. 2, 12, 43:haec ad aeternam gloriam via est,
Plin. 2, 7, 5, § 18:haec una via omnibus ad salutem visa est,
Liv. 36, 27, 8:invenire viam ad mortem,
Plin. Ep. 3, 16, 12:totidem ad mortem viae sunt,
Sen. Contr. 1, 8, 6:cum eum hortarer ut eam laudis viam rectissimam esse duceret,
Cic. Brut. 81, 281: haec est una via laudis, id. Sest. 65, 137:totam ignoras viam gloriae,
id. Phil. 1, 14, 33:quae tum promptissima mortis via, exsolvit venas,
Tac. A. 16, 17:habeo certam viam atque rationem, quā omnes illorum conatus investigare et consequi possim,
Cic. Verr. 1, 16, 48:defensionis ratio viaque,
id. ib. 2, 5, 1, §4: non tam justitiae quam litigandi tradunt vias,
id. Leg. 1, 6, 18:docendi via,
id. Or. 32, 114:optimarum artium vias tradere,
id. Div. 2, 1, 1:(di) non... nullas dant vias nobis ad significationum scientiam,
id. ib. 2, 49, 102:rectam instas viam,
i. e. you speak correctly, truly, Plaut. As. 1, 1, 41.—Adverb.: rectā viā, directly:ut rectā viā rem narret ordine omnem,
Ter. Heaut. 4, 3, 28.—Pregn. (cf. ratio), the right way, the true method, mode, or manner:C.ingressu'st viam, i. e. rectam,
Plaut. Am. 1, 1, 273:in omnibus quae ratione docentur et viā, primum constituendum est, quid quidque sit, etc.,
rationally and methodically, Cic. Or. 33, 116:ut ratione et viā procedat oratio,
id. Fin. 1, 9, 29.—Adverb.: viā, rightly, properly (opp. to wandering out of the way):ipsus eam rem secum reputavit viā,
Ter. And. 2, 6, 11:viā et arte dicere,
Cic. Brut. 12, 46. —Viam perficere, i. e. to attain an end, Just. Inst. proöem. 1.
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